Acta Astronautica最新文献

{"title":"Technical, legal and policy aspects of an international space traffic management framework","authors":"Elena Ancona ,&nbsp;Diego Guerra ,&nbsp;Steven Armstrong ,&nbsp;Henrique Oliveira da Mata ,&nbsp;Claudia Medeiros ,&nbsp;Jaime Silva ,&nbsp;Eric Dahlstrom","doi":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As part of the International Space University (ISU) Space Studies Program (SSP) 2023 Team Project on Space Situational Awareness (SSA), a group of students, researchers, and professionals with a very diverse background, focused on proposing a global framework for Space Traffic Management (STM) [1, 2]. Present statistics indicate that more than 7000 operational satellites coexist within the same orbital regime, together with more than 36,500 medium-sized trackable fragments of space debris. Following the last few years big constellations' deployment, and considering the ones that are scheduled for launch soon, the way satellites operations were carried out is rapidly becoming obsolete. This situation substantially increases the threat of potential collisions, emphasizing the necessity for an open and internationally coordinated STM framework. This paper introduces an international framework derived from the research conducted by Murakami et al., in 2019 [3]. It offers a comprehensive approach to addressing the STM challenges, with a particular emphasis on fostering precise data exchange, establishing channels for clear and direct communication, and encouraging international collaboration.</div><div>In the current work, after some considerations on the policy and legal aspects of our proposed international framework, we present the technical features and provide a broader perspective on the reasons that led to its definition. In our analysis, we considered the vibrant scenario involving new commercial actors offering Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) services, collision risk prediction, recommendations for Collision Avoidance (CA) manoeuvres, and autonomous CA systems. The authors of this work believe that the variety and complexity of this ecosystem can only be beneficial, and by no means is the proposed framework intended to substitute those players. Instead, its goal is to fill the gaps where the current system would be incomplete. As multiple entities offer insights into space traffic and predict potential collisions among space objects, determining the most dependable source becomes a challenge when significant inconsistencies arise. Still being aware of these challenges, we want to foster collaboration within the evolving New Space landscape. Our proposed framework is designed to integrate existing suppliers rather than replace them, allowing for the seamless inclusion of their data within our system. These suppliers can continue to run their independent analysis and operations while also be contributing to, and benefiting from, the enhanced functionality within our unified system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44971,"journal":{"name":"Acta Astronautica","volume":"232 ","pages":"Pages 356-363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microgravity's grip: Transforming plant-microbe interactions for space sustainability","authors":"Zizhou Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Liu ,&nbsp;Hong Liu ,&nbsp;Dawei Hu ,&nbsp;Andrey Degermendzhi ,&nbsp;Sergey Bartsev ,&nbsp;Yuming Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of bioregenerative life support systems is essential for sustainable space exploration, reducing Earth-reliant resupply and ensuring human survival in extreme extraterrestrial conditions. A key research focus is the microgravity assessment of Biological Life Support Systems (BLSS), with a focus on gas exchange, critical for habitability. This study introduces a two-loop miniature closed artificial ecosystem (BMCAE) to analyze gas balance within plant-microbe systems under simulated microgravity. The BMCAE, featuring wheat for photosynthesis and microbes for waste management and nutrient cycling, is designed to accommodate spatial constraints while maintaining system stability. A 3D clinostat simulates microgravity to evaluate the BMCAE's capacity to support plant growth and microbial activity. Gas chromatography and next-generation sequencing assess the effects of simulated microgravity on plant and microbial dynamics. Results show that wheat growth responds positively to light intensity but is less robust under simulated microgravity, suggesting a negative impact on growth. Microbial community composition and diversity are significantly altered by simulated microgravity, particularly at lower temperatures, with an enrichment of <em>Firmicutes</em> and <em>Bacillus</em>, indicating microbial adaptation to microgravity. This research provides a theoretical and methodological basis for BMCAE application in space, aiding in the development of miniature ecosystems for BLSS, crucial for sustainable human life support in space.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44971,"journal":{"name":"Acta Astronautica","volume":"231 ","pages":"Pages 80-92"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on acceleration process of field reversed configuration plasmoid in an electrodeless Lorentz force thruster using Magnetohydrodynamics simulation","authors":"Zhehong Wang ,&nbsp;Weizong Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Yan ,&nbsp;Zihan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) driven Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) plasmoid, originating from magnetic confined fusion research, has been developed as a novel propulsion method for high-power electric thrusters, namely the electrodeless Lorentz force (ELF) thruster. To address the dilemma between the high potential in theory and the low performance in the experiment, this paper numerically investigates the acceleration processes of FRC plasmoid in ELF thruster through a two-dimensional Hall Magnetohydrodynamics method. Direct comparisons with experiments have been made to verify the model. The correlation between the plasma behavior and the thruster performance has been obtained, providing insight into the experimental phenomena. The power scaling rule of thruster performance is obtained by investigating the influence of magnetic field strength and thruster geometry on the exhaust velocity and momentum of the FRC plasmoid. The simulation revealed that the low thruster performance in recent experiments is due to the low power input. High performance is expected to be achievable by scaling up the input power to hundreds kW or MW levels. Increasing the bias field to more than 1000 G, RMF frequency to 1 MHz, and RMF strength to hundreds Gausses, enables a per-shot momentum of mNs level of and specific impulse to be more than 5000 s. Additionally, the contribution of gas pressure force and Lorentz body force to the plasmoid acceleration has been analyzed, showing that the magnetic forces are dominant in high power regime, whereas gas forces being dominant in low power regime. The power scaling rule and geometry design principle formed in this work can help improve the ELF thruster performance, highlighting the necessity of testing prototypes under high-power conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44971,"journal":{"name":"Acta Astronautica","volume":"231 ","pages":"Pages 1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insertion error correction and configuration maintenance optimization for geocentric gravitational wave detectors","authors":"Xuan Xie,&nbsp;Fanghua Jiang,&nbsp;Junfeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space-based gravitational wave detectors have attracted considerable attention for their ability to detect low frequency gravitational waves generated by the universe’s most various sources. However, the high-precision detection requires extremely strict orbital insertion to maintain the configuration throughout the mission period. This paper presents an optimization method to correct orbital insertion errors using a low-frequency control strategy for long-duration, large-baseline spacecraft constellations. With active control, space-based gravitational wave detectors can mitigate initial orbit uncertainties. By presenting an evaluation algorithm and an estimating equation for fuel consumption and geometric indices, the segmented optimization method offers high computational efficiency. To adapt the control strategy to high-fidelity dynamics, an initial solution selection skill is proposed, and local refinements are employed. The application to the TianQin mission demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method. The active control not only corrects the orbital insertion error but also reduces the geometric changes of the configuration by nearly 30% compared to an ideal deployment. The configuration maintenance strategy balances fuel efficiency and geometric stability, with a fuel consumption of only 421.57 m/s over the five-year mission period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44971,"journal":{"name":"Acta Astronautica","volume":"231 ","pages":"Pages 15-24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study from aviation to suborbital point-to-point transport and tourism to orbital tourism","authors":"Yi-Wei (Eva) Chang ,&nbsp;Chen-Joe Fong ,&nbsp;Wen-Pin Wei ,&nbsp;Chao-Yi Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sustainability of space point-to-point transport and tourism based on its current development status and referring to the development history of aviation tourism. This study focuses on the following major points: (1) futuristic (suborbital and orbital) travel vs. traditional (aviation) travel, (2) infrastructure in suborbital and orbital tourisms vs. aviation tourism, (3) market demand vs. supply availability, (4) technology maturity vs. risk assessment, (5) development cost vs. ticket price (affordability), and (6) impact on the environment. In suborbital space tourism, the Virgin Galactic has completed seven commercial spaceflights (Galactic 1 to 7) from June 29, 2023 to June 8, 2024. Also, the Blue Origin has completed seven commercial spaceflights (NS-16, NS-18 to −22, NS-25 to −26 and NS-28) from July 20, 2021 to November 22, 2024. On the other hand, in the orbital space tourism, seven space passengers travelled eight times to the International Space Station (ISS) from 2001 to 2009 through the arrangements of Space Adventures along with Russian Roscosmos and Energia Corporation. On June 7, 2019, NASA announced a plan to open the ISS to space tourism. From September 16, 2021 to May 21, 2023, four commercial spaceflight missions have been made: all-civilian crew Inspiration4 mission, Ax-1, Ax-2 and Ax-3. Referring to the aviation tourism development history, the current space tourism status is mostly like its status at late 1950s. The creation of jet aircraft and the airline deregulation in 1978 can be considered as the two major watersheds from “adventure” to “prosperity” to “complete popularization” of the commercial airline industry, the passenger experience and the aviation tourism. At the civil aviation “adventure” stage in early 1940s, flying was very expensive and discomforts. Only business and wealthy travellers, a tiny fraction of the traveling public, could afford to fly. The current stage of space tourism is “adventure”, might mean it needs 20 more years to enter the “prosperity” stage and then the “popularization” stage. But there are many infrastructures still need be established such as: the space tourism industry chain, the legal and regulatory issues, the criteria for passenger screening and training, the insurance issue, the space port, the space traffic management and control, etc., etc. However, suppose we were standing at 1950s to outlook and prospect the civil aviation industry, the sustainability of space tourism is expectable based on the current development status.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44971,"journal":{"name":"Acta Astronautica","volume":"231 ","pages":"Pages 93-102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of metal products from the molten salt electrolysis of lunar highland regolith simulants","authors":"Timon Schild ,&nbsp;Bethany A. Lomax ,&nbsp;Melchiorre Conti ,&nbsp;Gwenaelle Aridon ,&nbsp;Dennis Harries ,&nbsp;Kathryn Hadler","doi":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The FFC (Fray-Farthing-Chen) molten salt electrolysis process is one of the proposed technologies for oxygen and metal extraction from lunar regolith. Previous work demonstrated its capacity to extract up to 96 % of the oxygen present in <em>mare</em> type regolith simulant without requiring regolith melting. The FFC process also allows direct recovery of the reduced regolith, which has been shown to comprise particles and agglomerates that are mostly metallic. Here, we present the first quantitative analysis of those metallic products. Molten salt electrolysis of LHS-1 highland regolith simulant was carried out and the reduced simulant products were separated into size fractions. Residual oxygen content of the material was determined by inert gas fusion. Bulk composition, local phase compositions and particle morphology were assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The compositional data was analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and agglomerative clustering algorithms, to assess the interactions between the metallic elements in presence and to identify the main phases formed. Results were compared with the electrolysis of the major mineral component of highland regolith, anorthosite. The electrolysis was shown to extract 97–99 % of the oxygen present in the simulant feedstock, with an increased current efficiency for the anorthosite samples. Analysis of the reduced simulants showed a complex and heterogeneous mix of alloys. The main phases in presence (e.g. Al₂Si₂Ca, AlSiCa, Al-Si-Fe compounds) are shown to often occur within multiphase particles. It was concluded that mechanical methods (e.g. sieving, elutriation) are not suited to isolate specific metallic alloys from the products. Contamination of the metallic products by the reactor materials (i.e. Cr, Mn, Ni, Mo) was also evidenced, highlighting the need for further improvement of reactor designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44971,"journal":{"name":"Acta Astronautica","volume":"232 ","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of droplets collision with account of surface tension at axisymmetric statement","authors":"V.V. Tyurenkova ,&nbsp;P.P. Zakharov ,&nbsp;N.N. Smirnov","doi":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To model and develop rocket, gas turbine and diesel, engines, as well as other devices operating on liquid fuel (for example, boilers and furnaces), the mechanism of interaction of individual droplets, which is a fundamental aspect for understanding processes occurring in heterogeneous systems, should be studied. In addition, the interaction of droplets plays an important role in modeling engines, the work of which is based on detonation combustion of fuel, since the presence of individual droplets in the stream is one of the key factors affecting the spread and formation of a sustainable detonation wave.</div><div>The paper presents the model for simulation multimaterial compressible flows with surface tension. Numerical method of sharp interface type is supplemented with surface tension model in terms of continuum surface stress model. Each integration step is divided into stages, pure hydrodynamic stage and surface tension stage. Smoothing procedure for volume fractions is additionally introduced to evaluate surface tension stress tensor. Suggested method is verified by problems with analytical solutions: static droplet, oscillating droplet and Rayleigh–Taylor instability development. Using the verified numerical method, the problem of ethanol droplet collision with different velocities was simulated. The numerical method described in this paper was verified by comparison with analytical solutions and validated on the basis of experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44971,"journal":{"name":"Acta Astronautica","volume":"230 ","pages":"Pages 79-91"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mission analysis for the Radiation Environment Monitor for Energetic Cosmic rays (REMEC) mission","authors":"Mathilda Bolis ,&nbsp;Elisa Maria Alessi ,&nbsp;Camilla Colombo","doi":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Radiation Environment Monitor for Energetic Cosmic rays (REMEC) is a micro-sat mission developed to reach deep space to study, for the first time outside the Earth’s magnetosphere, Solar Energetic Particles (SEP). The main scientific payloads consist of the Penetrating particle ANalyzer magnetic spectrometer (Pix.PAN), based on Timepix4 technology, and the HardPix radiation monitors. The trajectory design developed for the REMEC mission phases 0-A and B1 is described herein. First, possible operational orbits in the Sun–Earth (SE) and Earth–Moon (EM) systems are identified. Then, by exploiting the Circular Restricted Three Body Problem (CR3BP), feasible trajectories are calculated for both a baseline and a backup option. The dynamical model for the baseline case is then refined, including the direct effect of the Moon on the dynamic. In addition, propulsion system requirements were to be considered in the analysis, and an orbit-raising strategy was developed. Finally, the results obtained with the refined dynamic, both on the operational orbit and the transfer trajectory, and with the orbit-raising strategy are shown and commented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44971,"journal":{"name":"Acta Astronautica","volume":"230 ","pages":"Pages 65-78"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The basic data processing for KPLO gamma-ray spectrometer (KGRS)","authors":"Suyeon Kim,&nbsp;Kyeong Ja Kim,&nbsp;Ik-Seon Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On August 5, 2022, South Korea's first lunar probe, the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO, DANURI) was launched and entered lunar orbit in December of the same year. The KPLO is currently conducting a mission with the KPLO Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (KGRS) developed by the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM). The primary objective of the KGRS is to collect gamma-ray spectral information on the lunar surface and create an elemental map. This paper discusses the basic processing steps of the KGRS data currently operating in lunar orbit and the data processing results for approximately one year. KGRS data is currently maintained in two categories: TM2 data, and TM3 data. We are also preparing the calibration (CAL) data. In the TM2 data stage, time conversion and correction are performed. In the TM3 data stage, the SPICE (Spacecraft Planet Instrument C-matrix Events) system is used to obtain satellite positional information. All KGRS data being transmitted to the KIGAM is monitored daily. The monitoring program displays and monitors the engineering data such as device temperature and science data such as gamma-ray counts. Monitoring gamma-ray counts allows us to detect events such as solar flares or gamma-ray bursts that could affect the data. Since that kind of data can not represent information on the lunar surface, the data at that time should be excluded from mapping data. To verify the result of the data selection, we compare the gamma-ray count maps before and after the exclusion of these data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44971,"journal":{"name":"Acta Astronautica","volume":"230 ","pages":"Pages 139-147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the mechanism of simulated microgravity promoting rat cerebral angiogenesis based on proteomics","authors":"Yaoyuan Cui ,&nbsp;Huayan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhuohan Li ,&nbsp;Bin Luo ,&nbsp;Juan Zhao ,&nbsp;Shiyi Tang ,&nbsp;Anqing Wang ,&nbsp;Guan Wang ,&nbsp;Jichen Du ,&nbsp;Jing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actaastro.2025.02.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changed neurovascular homeostasis under microgravity may be closely related to the dysregulated angiogenesis resulting in neurovascular units and microvascular hyperpermeability. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of 7-day simulated microgravity (7d-SMG) promoting rat cerebral angiogenesis based on proteomics. 7d-SMG effect led to a slight inflammatory infiltration in rat cerebral cortex. The levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and pro-angiogenic factors were significantly increased. A total of 5499 proteins were detected by label-free quantitative proteomic strategy and 704 proteins were differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). 440 and 264 of DEPs were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Gene-Ontology analysis suggested that most of DEPs were involved in brain development, actin cytoskeleton and filament organization, cell proliferation, which were closely associated with cerebral angiogenesis. The KEGG results showed that Rap1, Ras and other signaling pathways related to cell proliferation were significantly influenced by 7d-SMG. The expressions of VEGFR2, Crk, Rap1b, B-Raf, and the radio of pho-MEK/MEK, pho-ERK1/2/ERK1/2, Bcl2/Bax were respectively increased by 47.24 %, 25.11 %, 22.02 %, 41.44 %, 22.34 %, 24.87 %, 120.65 %, which indicated that 7d-SMG promoted cell proliferation through VEGFR2-Rap1b-ERK signaling pathway. The present study explored the effect of 7d-SMG regulating rat cerebral angiogenesis, which provided a novel insight to elucidate the potential mechanism of disrupted neurovascular homeostasis induced by MG. The expected results might benefit for maintaining nerve system health of astronauts during space flight.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44971,"journal":{"name":"Acta Astronautica","volume":"231 ","pages":"Pages 37-46"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}