Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes最新文献

{"title":"Euthyroid Sick Syndrome Precipitated By Rapid Weight Loss Following Semaglutide Initiation: A Case Report.","authors":"Ziad W Elmezayen, Farah Qrareya, Abdallah Abdallah, Hossam Salameh, Waheed Qaisi","doi":"10.1177/11795514261443862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795514261443862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) is characterized by abnormal thyroid function tests, most notably a low triiodothyronine (T3) level, occurring in the absence of intrinsic thyroid disease. A 54-year-old woman presented to the endocrinology clinic with a 4-month history of progressive fatigue, lethargy, and new-onset cold intolerance after initiation of semaglutide for weight management. The dose was titrated monthly over 4 months, during which she experienced significant weight loss of 22 kg. Laboratory evaluation revealed a thyroid function profile classic for ESS, with low free T3, low-normal free T4, and a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level that was inappropriately low relative to the reduced T3. After exclusion of primary thyroid and pituitary disorders, a diagnosis of ESS secondary to the catabolic state induced by rapid weight loss was made. The patient was counseled that this represented a physiological adaptation rather than intrinsic thyroid disease. Semaglutide was continued given its metabolic benefits, and nutritional optimization with adequate caloric and protein intake was advised.</p>","PeriodicalId":44715,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes","volume":"19 ","pages":"11795514261443862"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147784869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Romosozumab Efficacy in Osteoporosis: Influence of Diabetes and Previous Antiresorptive Therapy: A Single Centre Experience.","authors":"Hind Alshamsi, Duha Alnaqbi, Charu Sharma, Romona D Govender, Raya Almazrouei","doi":"10.1177/11795514261440728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795514261440728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Romosozumab is an anabolic agent approved for the treatment of severe osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and in men at high risk of fracture. However, real-world data on its effectiveness, particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or prior exposure to antiresorptive therapy, remain limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adult patients (⩾18 years) who received romosozumab between January 2021 and May 2024 and had both baseline and post-treatment dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were included. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck was assessed before and after 12 months of therapy. Subgroup analyses were undertaken according to diabetes status and previous antiresorptive therapy exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighty-seven patients were included (mean age 66.7 ± 13.0 years; 94.3% female). The median percentage increase in lumbar spine BMD was 6.7% (IQR 1.3-12.6), while increases at the total hip and femoral neck were 2.9% (IQR -1.1 to 9.1) and 2.3% (IQR -3.9 to 9.7), respectively. Patients without diabetes demonstrated significantly greater BMD gains than those with diabetes at the lumbar spine (9.9% vs 3.1%; <i>P</i> = .020), total hip (4.1% vs 0.3%; <i>P</i> = .027), and femoral neck (3.9% vs 0.1%; <i>P</i> = .028). Similarly, treatment-naïve patients had greater improvements in total hip BMD compared with those with prior antiresorptive exposure (8.3% vs 2.2%; <i>P</i> = .004).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Romosozumab significantly increased BMD at the lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck after 12 months of treatment. The response was more pronounced in patients without diabetes and those who were treatment-naïve, suggesting that metabolic status and previous antiresorptive therapy may influence treatment effectiveness. Prospective studies are warranted to evaluate long-term fracture outcomes and the durability of these effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":44715,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes","volume":"19 ","pages":"11795514261440728"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13066650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Dyslipidemia and its Associated Factors Among Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Adama Hospital Medical College: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Mahider Shimelis Feyisa, Bruktawit Eshetu, Rahel Birhanu Arage, Besfat Berihun Erega, Ayenew Berhan, Teklehaimanot Kiros, Getaneh Mola, Ermias Bekele Enyew","doi":"10.1177/11795514261436946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795514261436946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dyslipidemia is a condition where lipid metabolism is altered, and its mechanism is closely related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The alteration of lipid metabolism during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease results in disrupted uptake, oxidation, and export. Assessing dyslipidemia among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using these lipid panel is affordable, widely available, and compatible with existing laboratory infrastructure which enables for identifying individuals at increased risk of its complications, guiding therapeutic interventions, and supporting metabolic risk management.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aimed to assess Dyslipidemia and its associated factors among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Adama Hospital Medical College, 2024.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An institution-based cross-sectional study design was used, and the study units were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Sociodemographic, Behavioral, and Clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were taken by experienced nurses. Fasting venous blood was collected to test the lipid profiles and fasting blood glucose of study participants using Siemens Healthineers dimension EXL 200 chemistry analyzer. Data were assessed using STATA version 17 for correlation analysis among lipid parameters and the predictors, and <i>P</i> < .05 was considered statistically significant. Binary logistic regression was performed to show the statistically significant association among dyslipidemia and associated factors, and <i>P</i> < .05 was also considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall proportion of dyslipidemia was found to be 199 (85.04%). High TG 128 (54.7%) and low HDL-C 121 (51.71%) accounts for the major abnormal lipid parameters. BMI, blood pressure, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease showed a weak positive statistical correlation with increased LDL-C, TG, and TC and a weak negative statistical correlation with HDL-C. The odds of lack of regular exercise and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were higher for developing dyslipidemia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was found to be high among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Hypertriglyceridemia was found to be highly prevalent, followed by low HDL-C, and high LDL-C.</p>","PeriodicalId":44715,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes","volume":"19 ","pages":"11795514261436946"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13053961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Clinical Suspicion and Diagnosis.","authors":"Ravi Shukla, Puja Shrestha, Binod Khanal, Bipal Regmi","doi":"10.1177/11795514261431390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795514261431390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors, the incidence and awareness of euglycemic DKA have been increasing. This condition is a distinct subset of DKA without marked hyperglycemia. It can arise in various clinical settings, present with non-specific symptoms, and is thus prone to underdiagnosis. A set of circumstances (SGLT2i users during major stress, pregnancy with diabetes), clinical findings (non-specific GI symptoms, lassitude), and biochemical changes (ketonemia and metabolic acidosis) are consistent findings in the majority of cases of euglycemic DKA. Awareness that diabetic ketoacidosis can occur with normoglycemia, and leveraging the use of blood ketone tests, including meter kits, will significantly improve the diagnosis of euglycemic DKA.</p>","PeriodicalId":44715,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes","volume":"19 ","pages":"11795514261431390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13039623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147610229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Pattern of Graves' Disease and Management Preferences Among Pediatric Endocrinologists in Saudi Arabia, A Decade of Experience.","authors":"Adnan Al Shaikh, Khalid AlNoaim, Mohammed Al Dubayee, Jezil Mulla, Sarah Al Hakim, Areej Alsofyani, Mohamed E Ahmed, Bader Shirah, Amir Babiker","doi":"10.1177/11795514261433746","DOIUrl":"10.1177/11795514261433746","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Graves' disease (GD) ranks as a primary cause of hyperthyroidism across all age demographics. The clinical presentation, treatment approaches, and overall therapeutic objectives can differ among various age groups. This study aimed to describe the clinical, laboratory, and radiological features, as well as the outcomes of the management of GD within the Saudi pediatric population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional, multicenter study across 2 tertiary care centers in Saudi Arabia (2010-2021). Clinical, biochemical, and imaging data were collected for children diagnosed with hyperthyroidism under the age of 18, utilizing an electronic medical records system. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled 93 patients with hyperthyroidism (Mean age at diagnosis = 11.5 years; females = 68, 73.1%). Notably, 40/93 patients (43%) had a significant family history. The primary etiologies were GD (N = 60, 64.5%) and hashitoxicosis (N = 10, 10.8%). The commonest presentations were goiter (57%) and tachycardia (55%). GD was predominantly associated with exophthalmos, lid lag, sweating, tremors, and weight loss (Odds Ratios = 3.71, 3.8, 2.77, 2.34, and 2.28, respectively). An increase in thyroid radioactive iodine uptake was observed in 29/93 patients (48.3%; <i>P</i>-value = .029), in contrast to non-sensitive thyroid ultrasound results (<i>P</i>-value = .228). Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI; N = 9.1, <i>P</i>-value = .000), Anti-thyroglobulin (TG; N = 537.5, <i>P</i>-value = .018), and Anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO; N = 366.5, <i>P</i>-value = .017) were significant alongside FT4 and FT3 (<i>P</i>-value = .000) in diagnosing GD. Most patients were treated exclusively with methimazole (MMT), showing good compliance (N = 44, 73%) and minimal adverse effects (N = 56, 93.3%). Radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation was performed in 14 patients (23.3%), and thyroidectomy in 5 patients (8.3%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our cohort, GD emerged as a leading cause of hyperthyroidism among children and adolescents. Pediatric endocrinologists in Saudi Arabia tend to underutilize RAI and prefer alternative treatment methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":44715,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes","volume":"19 ","pages":"11795514261433746"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13033859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship Between Serum Melatonin Levels and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Jun Li, Yaxin Li, Yecheng Zhu, Siyuan Li, Yunqiu Lu, Hangning Tian","doi":"10.1177/11795514261432381","DOIUrl":"10.1177/11795514261432381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To investigate the association between melatonin levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred and ninety postmenopausal women who visited the clinic between September 2023 and September 2024 were selected and divided into 4 groups according to their disease status: the normal group (n = 45); the abnormal bone mass group (n = 43); the T2DM group (n = 46); and the T2DM with abnormal bone mass group (n = 56). Relevant glycolipid metabolism biochemical indexes, bone metabolism markers and melatonin levels were detected and statistically analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Comparison of melatonin levels showed that melatonin levels were significantly lower in the abnormal bone mass group, the T2DM group, and the T2DM with abnormal bone mass group [100.00 (94.00, 110.00), 99.00 (91.75, 100.25), and 92.50 (84.75, 99.00)] than in the normal group [127.71 (116.23, 137.68)], and melatonin levels were the lowest in the T2DM with abnormal bone mass group (<i>P</i> < .01). Melatonin levels were positively correlated with both lumbar spine L1 to L4 BMD and femoral neck BMD. T2DM differed in the role of melatonin in associating with BMD at different sites. For lumbar spine L1 to L4 BMD, the mediating effect of T2DM was not significant (percentage: -8.16%, 95% CI, -90.39 to 57.00), and for femoral neck BMD, T2DM played a significant mediating role, with its effect accounting for 33.95% (95% CI, 5.38-70.00) of the total effect. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the operating characteristics of subjects with melatonin levels diagnosing osteoporosis (OP) was 0.942 (95% CI, 0.902-0.982). The optimal cut-off value was 124.29 pg/mL when the Jordon index was 0.571, corresponding to a sensitivity and specificity of 57.8% and 99.3%, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that a decreased melatonin level was a risk factor for decreased BMD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Lower serum melatonin levels in postmenopausal women with T2DM are an independent risk factor for decreased BMD, and T2DM partially mediates the protective effect of melatonin on femoral neck BMD. Serum melatonin levels have a specific diagnostic value for abnormal bone mass in postmenopausal women with T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":44715,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes","volume":"19 ","pages":"11795514261432381"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13009755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretation of Glycemic Biomarkers Across Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Shivashankara Kaniyoor Nagri","doi":"10.1177/11795514261433127","DOIUrl":"10.1177/11795514261433127","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44715,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes","volume":"19 ","pages":"11795514261433127"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13009823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on \"<i>Association Between Metformin Usage and Vitamin B12 Deficiency Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at a Tertiary Care Center</i>\".","authors":"Mulavagili Vijayasimha, Mulavagili Srikanth","doi":"10.1177/11795514261432691","DOIUrl":"10.1177/11795514261432691","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44715,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes","volume":"19 ","pages":"11795514261432691"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13009909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacologic Therapies for Active Moderate-to-Severe TED: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.","authors":"Carlos E Builes-Montaño, Alejandro Román-González, Henry M Arenas-Quintero, Natalia Aristizábal-Henao, María Del S Cabarcas-Solano, Jennifer Camargo González, Alejandro A Castellanos-Pinedo, Marta L Muñoz-Cardona, Katherine Restrepo-Erazo, Hernando Vargas-Uricoechea, María G Mejía-López","doi":"10.1177/11795514261426446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795514261426446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Moderate-to-severe thyroid eye disease (TED) is a potentially vision-threatening inflammatory condition that requires timely, evidence-based medical management. Although intravenous glucocorticoids remain the mainstay of therapy, several biologic and immunosuppressive agents have emerged as potential alternatives, particularly in steroid-refractory disease.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate and compare the efficacy, safety, and therapeutic positioning of medical treatments for active moderate-to-severe thyroid eye disease.</p><p><strong>Data sources and methods: </strong>A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted through February 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, observational cohorts, and selected case series evaluating pharmacological interventions for moderate-to-severe TED. Outcomes of interest were proptosis reduction, Clinical Activity Score (CAS) improvement, diplopia response, and safety/tolerability. A semi-quantitative synthesis approach was used to integrate evidence across heterogeneous study designs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Intravenous glucocorticoids (IVGCs) demonstrated the most consistent efficacy in controlling inflammatory activity, with modest effects on proptosis and favorable tolerability at cumulative doses below 8 g. Among biologic therapies, teprotumumab showed the greatest magnitude of benefit across all efficacy domains but was limited by safety considerations and access constraints. Rituximab and tocilizumab demonstrated moderate efficacy, particularly in glucocorticoid-resistant cases. Mycophenolate mofetil emerged as the most reliable non-biologic immunosuppressive option. Oral glucocorticoids and several adjunctive therapies showed limited or inconsistent benefit.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This systematic review provides an integrated framework to support therapeutic decision-making in moderate-to-severe TED. Intravenous glucocorticoids remain the most consistently supported first-line therapy, while IGF-1R-targeted biologic therapy offers the most comprehensive efficacy across key clinical domains in selected patients.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>Not registered.</p>","PeriodicalId":44715,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes","volume":"19 ","pages":"11795514261426446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12953964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147356720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dyslipidemia in Diabetes: Navigating a Complex Landscape for Improved Cardiovascular Outcomes.","authors":"Roshaida Abdul Wahab, Wan Aizad Wan Mahmood","doi":"10.1177/11795514261422310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11795514261422310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of global mortality, accounting for roughly one-third of all deaths. Dyslipidemia is a key risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and often coexists with diabetes, which exacerbates ASCVD risk. Despite the comprehensive management of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes through pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, many individuals struggle to meet lipid targets through lifestyle changes alone. Therefore, pharmacological interventions are essential. Pharmacotherapy options for dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes, including those currently under development, have gained attention, particularly regarding their impact on cardiovascular outcomes. In this narrative review, we explore the data on cardiovascular outcomes related to established and emerging pharmacotherapy in the management of dyslipidemia in diabetes, such as statins, ezetimibe, bempedoic acid, PCSK9 inhibitors, icosapent ethyl, inclisiran, other lipid-lowering agents (fibrates, bile acid sequestrants, niacin), and novel medications such as antisense nucleotides and cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors. We aim to provide a summary that will help navigate the extensive evidence base on cardiovascular outcomes trials of these agents. We found that statins, particularly atorvastatin, showed the strongest and most consistent evidence on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes, with high-intensity statin therapy associated with significant reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Therefore, clinicians should prioritize statin therapy as the first-line pharmacotherapy for managing dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes to optimize cardiovascular outcomes. Studies also showed that the duration of statin therapy is the strongest predictor of MACE, followed by the achieved LDL cholesterol level and statin intensity. Additional lipid-lowering agents, such as ezetimibe or PCSK9 inhibitors, should be considered for patients who do not achieve target LDL cholesterol levels or for those who are statin-intolerant.</p>","PeriodicalId":44715,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes","volume":"19 ","pages":"11795514261422310"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12929832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147291407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}