South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA最新文献

{"title":"Inclusive elections? The case of persons with disabilities in the European Union","authors":"Armin Rabitsch, Alejandro Moledo, Michael Lidauer","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2275669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2275669","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) clarifies that persons with disabilities have the right to participate in political life and enshrines their right to vote and stand as candidates in elections. This article evaluates compliance and current practices in the European Union, finding a great variety of implementation to facilitate the electoral participation of persons with disabilities. Despite CRPD ratification by all EU member states, inaccessibility of elections, lack of suitable information, removal of legal capacity, and other disability-based discrimination remain barriers to political participation. Nevertheless, there are increasingly good practices of inclusion by which legislators and election administrators can learn from each other. Based on the example of the EU, the judicial activism of disabled persons organisations in particular highlights the key role of civil society organisations and their cooperation with public authorities to make electoral processes more inclusive, alleviating political inequality overall.KEYWORDS: Electionsinclusionaccessibilitypersons with disabilitiesEuropean UnionCRPDstrategic litigation AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank EDF member organisations for reviewing the initial findings and the EDF for granting the permission to use the research and findings for this article. We also thank the members of the Election-Watch.EU network for participating in the research.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Smets Kaat and C. van Ham, ‘The Embarrassment of Riches? A Meta-Analysis of Individual-Level Research on Voter Turnout,’ Electoral Studies 32, no. 2 (2013): 344–59.2 T.S. James and H.A. Garnett, ‘Introduction: The Case for Inclusive Voting Practices,’ Policy Studies 41, no. 2–3 (2020): 113.3 A. Blais, L. Massicotte and A. Yoshinaka, ‘Deciding Who Has the Right to Vote: A Comparative Analysis of Election Laws,’ Electoral Studies 20 (2001): 41–62.4 For the United States, compare for example L. Schur, M. Adya and M. Ameri, ‘Accessible Democracy: Reducing Voting Obstacles for People with Disabilities,’ Election Law Journal 14, no. 1 (2015); and A. Johnson and S. Powell, ‘Disability and Election Administration in the United States: Barriers and Improvements,’ Policy Studies 41, no. 2–3 (2020): 249–70. For Africa compare B. Virendrakumar et al., ‘Disability Inclusive Elections in Africa: A Systematic Review of Published and Unpublished Literature,’ Disability & Society 33, no. 4: 509–38.5 James and Garnett, ‘Introduction: The Case for Inclusive Voting Practices,’ 115, following inter alia L. Schur et al., ‘Enabling Democracy: Disability and Voter Turnout,’ Political Research Quarterly 55 (2002): 167–90.6 World Health Organisation, ‘Disability: Key Facts,’ https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health (accessed August 23, 2023, last updated March 7, 2023).7 Among electoral practitioners, IFE","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"119 38","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135137207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are polarised elections the hardest to deliver? Explaining global variations in electoral management body performance","authors":"Toby S James, Holly Ann Garnett","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2271496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2271496","url":null,"abstract":"Electoral management, understood as the application and implementation of electoral rules, is a critical part of democratic governance. But there are often concerns about the quality of electoral management and the performance of electoral management bodies around the world. Despite recent advances, there remains a need for new systematic evidence on the quality of electoral management and analysis of the factors that lead to poorly- or well- run elections. This article therefore maps out global variations in the quality of the public management of elections using a new cross-national dataset and measure. It then explains variations by evaluating the relative importance of bureaucratic culture, the autonomy of electoral authorities, political polarisation in the electorate and the capacity of electoral management bodies. The results provide support for the importance of each of these factors. The effect of political polarisation is an important finding as it is a new threat to elections.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":" 78","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135241295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating the impact of democratic recession through electoral assistance in Africa","authors":"Baïdessou Soukolgué","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2276369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2276369","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTRecent reports demonstrate a global decline in democracy and a resurgence of authoritarianism, with subsequent state capture, a return to autocracy and a rise in patrimonial power. The weakening of the political institutions that sustain the overall democratic system, the rigging of elections, and the reduction of liberties are other factors linked to this reported democratic recession. Along with such regression in democracy, there has been a long-term decline in popular faith in elections. These elements of democratic decline have occurred across Africa, in both transitional and stable democracies. Several levers are available to remedy the impact of this regressive trend, including electoral assistance. This article reflects on the role that electoral assistance could play in mitigating democratic recession and enhancing electoral integrity in Africa. It also outlines the necessary multidimensionality of electoral assistance for more substantial results.KEYWORDS: Democracydemocratic backslidingelectionelectoral assistanceelectoral management bodiestechnical assistance Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 International IDEA, Global Report on The State of Democracy: Building Resilience in a Pandemic Era: Annual Report, 2021. https://www.idea.int/gsod/sites/default/files/2021-11/the-global-state-of-democracy-2021_1pdf2 https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/all-democracy-global-america-cant-shrink-fight-freedom-larry-diamond3 E Gyimah-Boadi, ‘Africa’s Waning Democratic Commitment,’ Journal of Democracy 26, no. 1 (2015): 101-13.4 https://theconversation.com/what-caused-the-coup-in-niger-an-expert-outlines-three-driving-factors-2107215 International IDEA, Global Report on the State of Democracy: Forcing Social Contract in a Time of Discontent.https://idea.int/democracytracker/sites/default/files/2022-11/the-global-state-of-democracy-2022.pdf6 See Jaysim Hanspal, ‘The temptations of third-termism’, The Africa Report, 3 February 2023, https://www.theafricareport.com/277872/the-temptations-of-third-termism/. In Sudan, General Al-Burhan's decision to take control of the Sovereign Council on 21 August 2021 has revived the pro-democracy demonstrations. Despite the repression, the desire to see the military hand over power to an elected government remains strong among the population. Other examples include the Democratic Republic of Congo between 2016 and 2018; Cote d’Ivoire and Guinea Conakry in 2020 and more recently Senegal.7 The ACE Project is an initiative of the Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa. See https://aceproject.org/8 Therese Pearce Laanela and al., Supporting Election Effectively: Principles and Practice of Electoral Assistance: Report to the Expert Group for Aid (Sweden, EBA Report, 2021:05), 18.9 The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, 2005. See also the Accra Agenda for Action, 2008.10 Therese Pearce Laanela and al., Supporting Elections Effectiv","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"119 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135341752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global trends and impact of democratic recession: Hard choices for the Global South","authors":"Khabele Matlosa","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2269149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2269149","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Globally, democratisation momentum has shown a decline in the last two decades. This article contributes to the existing knowledge on the significance of democracy noting its intrinsic, instrumental, and constructive value, and how democratic recession tends to negate these values. The article identifies deep-seated structural drivers and above-the-surface superstructural triggers of democratic recession, highlighting their trends, manifestations, and impact. It advances the discourse by arguing that, while democratic recession has a discernible global reach and impact, its profound salience in the Global South is its distinctive interface with the limits/inadequacy of liberal democracy in place. The article identifies two critical repercussions of the interface between democratic recession and the inadequacy of liberal democracy, namely a strained state-society social contract and enfeebled social cohesion. In redressing democratic recession, the Global South is confronted with hard choices either to maintain the status quo, reform or transform the liberal democratic model.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"18 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135819044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"African election management bodies in the era of democratic backsliding","authors":"Sonali Campion, Attahiru Muhammadu Jega","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2274852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2274852","url":null,"abstract":"Although democratisation has evolved unevenly across Africa since the 1990s, there has been progress in the establishment and strengthening of independent election management bodies (EMBs). Since the mid-2000s, scholars and analysts have identified a global trend toward democratic backsliding, characterised in part by the erosion of democratic institutions. Such a trend might be expected to pose significant threats to EMBs. This article contributes new insights through a review of data from the Perceptions of Electoral Integrity and Varieties of Democracy projects. While it finds wide variation in EMB performance and autonomy, there is no overall pattern of decline that might be associated with democratic backsliding in Africa. Case analysis of Ghana and Zambia further demonstrates that the challenges EMBs face are multifaceted and not only driven by anti-democratic leaders. Co-ordinated efforts are therefore needed to strengthen EMB autonomy and capacity to (re)build trust and deliver elections with integrity.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"18 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135821113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the African Union in tackling democratic recession in Africa","authors":"Robert Gerenge","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2267525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2267525","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe African Union (AU), as a norm-setting institution, is tasked with addressing democratic recession on the African continent. This article critically analyses that role from the minimalist conception track of democracy as elections. Inadvertently, due to the AU’s intergovernmental institutional character and the inter-play between the norms of democratic governance and ‘elections as sovereign process’ among the member states, the tendency is for the AU to choose to posture around securing momentary peace. This has undermined democratic consolidation and progress on the continent, in spite of the significant investment which the AU has made in electoral and democratic governance institutions and processes in the past two decades. Consequently, contested electoral outcomes, popular revolts and the resurgence of unconstitutional changes of government continue to take place in Africa. The desired progress towards democracy as development, which is a framing enshrined in the AU’s Agenda 2063, has therefore become a formidable undertaking.KEYWORDS: Democracyelectionsnormsnorm-localisationAfrican Union Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Brian CH Fong, ‘What's Driving the Democratic Recession in Asia?’ International Affairs 99, no. 3 (2023): 1273–91.2 Larry Diamond, ‘Facing Up to the Democratic Recession,’Journal of Democracy 26 (2015): 141–54 (page 144).3 Diamond, ‘Facing Up,’ 1474 African Union, ‘Agenda 2063,’ 2015, https://au.int/en/agenda2063/overview.5 Andrew Hurrell, ‘Regionalism in Theoretical Perspective,’ Regionalism in World Politics: Regional Organization and International Order (1995): 37–73 (page 65).6 Ndubuisi Christian Ani, ‘The African Union Non-indifference Stance: Lessons from Sudan and Libya,’ African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review 6, no. 2 (2016): 1–22.7 Amitav Acharya, ‘How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism,’ International Organization 58, no. 2 (2004): 239–75.8 Acharya, ‘How Ideas Spread,’ 245.9 Thomas R. Eimer, Susanne Lütz, and Verena Schüren, ‘Varieties of Localization: International Norms and the Commodification of Knowledge in India and Brazil,’ Review of International Political Economy 23, no. 3 (2016): 450–79.10 Organisation of African Unity (OAU), Sirte Declaration, EAHG/Draft/ Decl. (IV) Rev.1. Adopted at the 4th extraordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government, Sirte, Libya, September 8–9, 1999; Paul D. Williams, ‘From Non-intervention to Non-indifference: The Origins and Development of the African Union's Security Culture,’ African Affairs 106, no. 423 (2007): 253–79; Chika Njideka Oguonu and Christian Chukwuebuka Ezeibe, ‘African Union and Conflict Resolution in Africa,’ Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5, no. 27 P1 (2014): 325.11 Scott Straus, ‘Wars do End! Changing Patterns of Political Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa,’ African Affairs 111, no. 443 (2012): 179","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":" 17","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135813711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Election staff training: Tracing global patterns of institutionalisation","authors":"Toby S James, Holly Ann Garnett, Erik Asplund, Sonali Campion","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2269890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2269890","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The safe delivery of elections is a pivotal international issue in an era of widespread concerns about global democratic backsliding. Despite this, there remains little research on the training provided to electoral officials – those responsible for delivering elections and democracy on the front line. This article introduces the concept of electoral training institutionalisation, which refers to the extent to which training is embedded into electoral processes by electoral management bodies. It then presents original data from a survey of electoral management bodies to give an overview of the global provision of training. An original index of training institutionalisation is developed from the dataset. These data are analysed to identify the patterns of training. The results suggest that training institutionalisation tends to be associated with the overall quality of democracy and economic development. Deepening the embeddedness of electoral training is recommended as a step towards the strengthening of electoral democracy.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136102440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeing the forest – and the trees: The global challenge of regulating social media for democracy","authors":"Nanjala Nyabola","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2270461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2270461","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The political implications of social media sites are finally receiving sustained attention. These sites both reinforce and undermine democracy, challenging regulators to balance positive developments and curb negative developments while being attentive to multilateral and international implications. This article maps this regulatory challenge, beginning with the emergence of the sites in order to understand the type of response that might be required of policymakers. The historiography allows for an actor-network analysis of the terrain, highlighting the characteristics of individual sites that together trigger the need for more holistic regulation. The article then examines the impact of social media on both individuals and institutions to emphasise that the actor-network both shapes and is shaped by actor action. Moving beyond a false dichotomy to see social media as neither purely good nor purely bad, the article frames the complexity of the regulatory ecosystem, and invites regulation that aims for a utopic outcome.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"18 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136316859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electoral management for a maturing democracy: A look at the contribution of the South African Electoral Commission","authors":"Dirk Kotzé","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2269897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2269897","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article seeks to provide a reliable indication of the contribution of the Electoral Commission of South Africa as an example of an election management body (EMB) in cultivating a mature democracy in South Africa. The measure of a maturing democracy is operationalised by applying the concept of the quality of democracy combined with the ideal role of elections in democracies. The discussion then focused on the EMB’s institutional framework (constitutional and legislative), as well as on perceptions of its performance and on its reputation as a democratic agent, approached from a social constructionist perspective. The main conclusion is that the commission has and continues to make a significant contribution to South Africa’s maturing democracy, but that its contribution is tempered by a decline in the public’s trust – possibly a reflection of the decline in South Africans’ trust in democracy in general.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136318125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constitution-building and safeguarding the integrity of elections in Africa","authors":"Oagile Bethuel Key Dingake","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2269900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2269900","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article explores the significance of constitution-building and its impact on electoral integrity in Africa. Over recent decades, numerous African countries have turned to constitution-building and revisions to enhance democracy. The role of constitutions has expanded beyond governing and regulating governance-citizen relationships; they are now crisis management tools. Ultimately, constitution-building emerges as a crucial mechanism to fortify electoral processes and democratic development, particularly within Africa. The article highlights key elements for constitution-building to strengthen electoral integrity.KEYWORDS: Electoral integrityelectionsdemocracyconstitutionsconstitution-buildingdisputesgovernmentjustice Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Norris Pippa, Why electoral integrity matters (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 9 and 21.2 Charles M. Fombad, “An Overview of the State of Electoral Democracy in Africa”, African Journal of Legal Studies 14, no. 2 (2022): 245–68.3 Fombad, “Democracy in Africa”, 246.4 As noted in the introduction to the special Issue SAJIA Vol 30.3 by Toby S. James, Khabele Matlosa and Victor Shale,”Safeguarding Election Management Bodies in the Age of Democratic Recession”, South African Journal of International Affairs.5 James, Matlosa and Shale, “Safeguarding Election Management Bodies”.6 Larry Diamond, “Facing up to the democratic recession”, Journal of Democracy 26 (2015): 141.7 The Constitution Unit, “Reliance on secondary legislation has resulted in significant problems: it is time to rethink how such laws are created” October 13, 2021, https://constitution-unit.com/2021/10/13/reliance-on-secondary-legislation-has-resulted-in-significant-problems-it-is-time-to-rethink-how-such-laws-are-created/.8 J. Olonka-Onyango, ed. Constitutionalism in Africa: Creating opportunities, facing challenges, (Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2001)9 C. Fombad, Strengthening constitutional order and upholding the rule of law in Central Africa: Reversing the descent towards symbolic constitutionalism, African Human Rights Law Journal, no. 14 (2014): 414-5.10 A. Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).11 A. Lijphart, “Constitutional design for divided societies”, Journal of Democracy 15, no. 2 (2004): 96-109.12 C. Fombad, “Strengthening constitutional order and upholding the rule of law in Central Africa: Reversing the descent towards symbolic constitutionalism”, African Human Rights Law Journal 14, (2014): 412-48.13 BO Nwabueze, Constitutional Democracy in Africa (Vol. 5): The Returned of Africa to Constitutional Democracy (Ibadan: Spectrum books Ltd, 2004); Ndulo Muna. “Constitutions and Constitutional Reforms in African Politics” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. 2019.14 Charles Manga Fombad, “Constitution-building in Africa: The never-ending story of the making, unmaking and remaking of constitutions”, African","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}