Luigi Romano, F. Timpone, F. Bruzelius, B. Jacobson
{"title":"Transient Tire Slip Losses Using the Brush Theory","authors":"Luigi Romano, F. Timpone, F. Bruzelius, B. Jacobson","doi":"10.2346/tire.22.20002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.20002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Tire slip losses have been shown to have a significant impact on vehicle performance in terms of energy efficiency, thus requiring accurate studies. In this paper, the transient dissipation mechanisms connected to the presence of micro-sliding phenomena occurring at the tire–road interface are investigated analytically. The influence of a two-dimensional velocity field inside the contact patch is also considered in light of the new brush theory recently developed by the authors. Theoretical results align with findings already known from literature but suggest that the camber and turn spins contribute differently to the slip losses and should be regarded as separate entities when the camber angle is sufficiently large. The present work shows that an additional amount of power which relates to the initial sliding conditions is generated or lost during the unsteady-state maneuvers. A simple example is presented to illustrate the discrepancy between the microscopic and macroscopic approaches during a transient maneuver.","PeriodicalId":44601,"journal":{"name":"Tire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47401298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanghyeub Kim, T. Berger, M. Piao, I. Zreid, M. Kaliske
{"title":"Numerical Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Shrinkage in Polymeric Cords. II: Numerical Implementation","authors":"Sanghyeub Kim, T. Berger, M. Piao, I. Zreid, M. Kaliske","doi":"10.2346/tire.22.22001b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.22001b","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this Part II of a two-part paper, a way of modeling axisymmetric rebars to represent the thermal shrinkage of polymeric cords within a thermo-mechanically coupled algorithm is presented without the assumption of a smeared layer. The mechanical characteristics of the proposed approach are compared to the classical approach using only one four-node axisymmetric element with unit dimensions. In addition, the shrinkage behavior of a simplified model made only of plies is discussed. The deformation behavior of polymeric cords during the tire manufacturing process, from the in-molding where a tire is formed by a mold under high pressure and temperature to curing and cooling, is addressed. Finally, the predicted profiles with and without post-cure inflation are compared to the test results.","PeriodicalId":44601,"journal":{"name":"Tire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47709228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanghyeub Kim, T. Berger, Jaeho Paek, I. Zreid, M. Kaliske
{"title":"Numerical Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Thermal Shrinkage in Polymeric Cords. I: Constitutive Modeling","authors":"Sanghyeub Kim, T. Berger, Jaeho Paek, I. Zreid, M. Kaliske","doi":"10.2346/tire.22.22001a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.22001a","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this Part I of a two-part paper, a constitutive model for polymeric cords is proposed in order to represent the thermo-mechanical behavior, such as thermal shrinkage and large deformations during the curing and post-curing process in tires. A series of experiments, including tensile test, free shrinkage test, and shrinkage force test, are performed and compared to the proposed model using the identified material parameters.","PeriodicalId":44601,"journal":{"name":"Tire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68770673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Road Sensing with Intelligent Tires for Driving Assistance Applications","authors":"Tong Zhao, M. Kaliske, Yintao Wei","doi":"10.2346/tire.22.22005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.22005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Tires with embedded sensors enable them to be active sensing components. Intelligent tires have increased potential in sensing not only the state of the tire itself but the related properties of the road. This Technical Note briefly describes the application of accelerometer-based intelligent tires in sensing the adhesion level and unevenness of the road. A combined tire longitudinal dynamic model is introduced to estimate the tire-road friction from the waveform features of the acceleration signals. Data-driven methods are adopted to directly classify the road unevenness level from the original signals. Primary analyses and experiments verify the proposed method. Road sensing with intelligent tires contributes to the development of active safety control and driving assistance systems.","PeriodicalId":44601,"journal":{"name":"Tire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43913195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dominic Neumann, Mustaba Ahmadi, M. Weinberger, D. Schramm
{"title":"Identification of Characteristic Tire Parameters for the Virtual Steering System Design","authors":"Dominic Neumann, Mustaba Ahmadi, M. Weinberger, D. Schramm","doi":"10.2346/tire.22.22002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.22002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The virtual design of steering systems requires suitable premises for predicting realistic steering rack forces. This includes the proper tire used for the parking maneuver. It is important to select the tire from a portfolio that generates the highest rack forces at the vehicle, so that the electro-mechanical dimensioning of the steering system can be safeguarded for all tires of a vehicle. To avoid time-consuming and expensive full vehicle measurements, drilling torques of tires are measured on a Flat-Trac to determine the so-called worst-case tire. However, the determined drilling torques do not correlate with the measured rack forces.\u0000 This work therefore investigates the suitability of a Kinematics & Compliance test rig converted to a tire test rig. First, it is investigated whether the wheel movements from the parking maneuver can be decomposed into their individual elements on the test bench. In addition, reproducibility studies are carried out and three different methods for determining the aligning torque under camber are presented. Furthermore, measurements for static and dynamic friction values, as well as stiffnesses and the contact patch, are integrated into the new measurement procedure. It becomes apparent that temperature and wear level of the tire play a major role in the reproducibility of the measurements. If the measurement procedure described in this paper is followed exactly, the scatter of the drilling torque can be reduced by up to 24% compared to the old procedure. For the dynamic and the static friction values, the scatter is reduced by about 17% and 22%, respectively. Stiffness scatter can be reduced by up to 16%.\u0000 With the new measurement procedure, the worst-case tire can be reliably determined. The drilling torques correlate with the rack forces and the additional tire characteristics permit finer resolution. After evaluation and interpretation, recommendations for future developments are discussed.","PeriodicalId":44601,"journal":{"name":"Tire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45376360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Remeshing in FE Simulations of Tire Forming","authors":"I. Zreid, Y. Wei, M. Kaliske","doi":"10.2346/tire.22.22004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.22004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Tire forming simulation is challenging for Lagrangian finite element method codes due to large changes in the geometry of the tire in the course of molding. This Technical Note briefly describes the use of Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) adaptive remeshing in the context of tire molding and curing simulations. The ALE concept generalizes the pure Lagrangian formulation, where the solution within a time step is split into a mesh smoothing step, a history remapping step, and a Lagrangian step. Mesh distortion is reduced in the smoothing step by optimizing the node positions of spatial and material meshes without changing the data structure. The advantage of the ALE approach is demonstrated by a tire forming example.","PeriodicalId":44601,"journal":{"name":"Tire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46826502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dominic Neumann, J. Friederichs, Mark Harris, M. Weinberger, D. Schramm, C. Bachmann
{"title":"Parking-Specific Parameterization Method for FTire","authors":"Dominic Neumann, J. Friederichs, Mark Harris, M. Weinberger, D. Schramm, C. Bachmann","doi":"10.2346/tire.22.21019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.21019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Virtual steering system layout in the early development phase requires adequate tire models to predict realistic steering rack forces. An accurate representation of parking is particularly important, as the largest steering rack forces occur during this maneuver. Physical tire models are mainly parameterized for rolling conditions. Since the tire exhibits different mechanical behavior under nonrolling conditions, this article introduces a new parameterization procedure for the physical tire model FTire that characterizes the conditions during parking maneuvers. To this end, an additional full vehicle measurement setup is used to understand the tire motions, forces, and torques during parking. It is also shown that a tire model based on a standard parameterization procedure results in steering speed-dependent parking torque deviations of up to 17.5% when compared with component measurements. Thus, new measurement methods are developed to help parameterize the tire model for this maneuver. A linear friction tester is used to determine the friction interaction between tire and road at the relevant relative velocities. In addition, measurements are performed on a tire stiffness test rig, in which translatory and rotatory movements are overlaid. Furthermore, the contact patch shape, ground pressure distribution, and tire outer contour are digitalized and added into the model. A tire model based on the new parking optimized parameterization is then compared with the standard tire modeling approach and component measurements as well as the full vehicle measurements. In conclusion, improvements of up to 12% for drilling torque, up to 15% for longitudinal force, a more realistic lateral stiffness, a more realistic pressure distribution, and improvements of up to 8% when simulating the steering rack force can be stated. After the results are evaluated and interpreted, recommendations for future developments of this parameterization procedure and an extension of the virtual tire model are discussed.","PeriodicalId":44601,"journal":{"name":"Tire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48647514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluating Tire Tread Wear and Its Dependence on Tire Working Conditions by Using the Finite Element Method and Archard's Wear Theory","authors":"H. J. Dionísio, A. M. Calhabeu","doi":"10.2346/tire.22.21023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.21023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The tire industry still spends a considerable amount of resources on indoor and outdoor tests during the product development stage. Virtual tests provide conditions to complete this step faster, saving both money and time. Considering that life span and mileage are important issues, especially for truck tire consumers, virtual wear analyses provide valuable information that helps engineers to improve their products. This study aims to exemplify a way to predict tread band wear using the finite element method approach and Archard's wear theory. In addition, it shows the importance of following the vehicle maintenance program as it has an impact on how long the set of tires will last. Tread wear simulation is implemented through user subroutine and adaptive meshing technique, whereas friction energy is calculated using a steady-state analysis at selected working conditions. Data collected from outdoor experiments provide the necessary information to check and validate the analysis. The impact of the lack of appropriate vehicle maintenance on tire wear is evaluated by changing some boundary conditions of the model such as load, inner pressure, and camber and toe angles. The simulation results show good agreement with the information found in the literature.","PeriodicalId":44601,"journal":{"name":"Tire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45318860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Friction Law for Rubber from Laboratory Abrasion Tester","authors":"Aban Tom Isaiah, K. Ramarathnam","doi":"10.2346/tire.22.21022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.21022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper aims to devise a method to obtain an empirical friction law for rubber using the Laboratory Abrasion Tester (LAT) 100. The LAT 100 experiments, which aim to measure the side force at various slip angles, loads, and speeds, are carried out, followed by finite element simulation using ABAQUS. A friction law is implemented using a subroutine (UFRIC), which calculates the friction coefficient at each node on the contact patch based on contact pressure and slip velocity at the corresponding node. Coefficients of the frictional law, μ = a + b × e−1/(αp) + c × e−1/(βv), have been estimated by using a series of simulations along with minimizing the error between experiment and simulation side forces. The procedure followed in this paper can be used to fit friction models for rubber using LAT 100 side force experiments.","PeriodicalId":44601,"journal":{"name":"Tire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46236507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Craig Burkhart, B. Jiang, G. Papakonstantopoulos, P. Polińska, Hongyi Xu, R. J. Sheridan, L. Brinson, W. Chen
{"title":"Data-Driven Multiscale Science for Tread Compounding","authors":"Craig Burkhart, B. Jiang, G. Papakonstantopoulos, P. Polińska, Hongyi Xu, R. J. Sheridan, L. Brinson, W. Chen","doi":"10.2346/tire.22.21003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.22.21003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Tread compounding has always been faced with the simultaneous optimization of multiple performance properties, most of which have tradeoffs between the properties. The search for overcoming these conflicting tradeoffs have led many companies in the tire industry to discover and develop material physics-based platforms. This report describes some of our efforts to quantify compound structures and properties at multiple scales, and their subsequent application in compound design. Integration of experiment and simulation has been found to be critical to highlighting the levers in data-driven multiscale compound tread design.","PeriodicalId":44601,"journal":{"name":"Tire Science and Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45888843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}