{"title":"Initiating Bargaining","authors":"David Goldreich, Lukasz Pomorski","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1024292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1024292","url":null,"abstract":"We study whether the success of bargaining and the agreed upon terms depend on the characteristics of the person who initiates negotiations (\"the initiator\"). We approach this question in the context of high-stakes online poker tournaments, in which participants often negotiate a division of the prize money rather than risk playing until the end. Although initiators typically are in a worse than average position and are less well known, negotiations initiated by better known and better performing agents are more likely to lead to an agreement. This would suggest that gains to trade depend on who the initiator is, but, surprisingly, initiating bargaining does not affect the initiator's payoff in a completed deal. Additionally, we find strong evidence in support of Cramton, Gibbons, and Klemperer (1987), who argue that for bargaining to succeed the parties' stakes in an enterprise must be close to equal.","PeriodicalId":444034,"journal":{"name":"Decision Making & Negotiations","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130385312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susan A. McCracken, Steven E. Salterio, Regan N. Schmidt
{"title":"What Happens When Managers Plan Negotiations Instead of Partners?","authors":"Susan A. McCracken, Steven E. Salterio, Regan N. Schmidt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1135794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1135794","url":null,"abstract":"Most serious auditor client management (ACM) negotiations occur between audit partners and senior client management. Research also shows that audit managers often attempt to resolve issues with client management for several reasons, including efficiency. Prior negotiation research in other settings as well as accounting suggests that if partners employ different strategies than managers, different negotiation outcomes will occur. Thus, given the importance of ACM negotiation to the resulting financial statements, an understanding of the intended strategy usage of partners versus managers is important. Further, generic negotiation research provides conflicting predictions about which integrative strategies would be planned to be used when experience level versus power/status differs, the exact situation of partners and managers. We find that in the use of one strategy, working together on solving the issue cooperatively, partners and managers intend to approach negotiations the same way; but that for another strategy, bringing other potential issues into consideration, their intended strategy use differs. Focusing on intended distributive (win-lose) strategies usage, we find that while power/status and experience negotiation research predictions suggest both partners and managers should use the strategies in the same manner, our results show accounting context specific use. We find that partners and managers intended distributive strategies use interacted with important elements of the accounting context which could not be predicted beyond the general likelihood of their existence if experience and power/status matters interacts with context. Implications for both practice and research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":444034,"journal":{"name":"Decision Making & Negotiations","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114616800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Negotiation Planning with a Self Versus Other Focus and Integrative Versus Distributive Tactics","authors":"Kevyn Yong, Wendi L. Adair","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.736285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.736285","url":null,"abstract":"The focus a negotiator adopts during planning affects both individual and joint outcomes. An experiment confirms that (a) individual outcomes are affected more by a planning focus on self versus other and, (b) joint outcomes depend more on a planning focus on distributive versus integrative tactics. Both effects are qualified by the opposing negotiator's planning focus. A self-focused planner attains higher individual outcomes, even more so when negotiating against an other-focused planner. Joint outcomes are largest when both negotiators' planning focuses on integrative tactics and smallest when both plan with a distributive tactics focus.","PeriodicalId":444034,"journal":{"name":"Decision Making & Negotiations","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115526488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"'Whew that Was Close!' How Near Miss Events Bias Subsequent Decision Making Under Risk","authors":"C. Tinsley, R. Dillon-Merrill","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.736245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.736245","url":null,"abstract":"In two experiments, we show clear evidence of a 'near miss' bias, in that when people receive information about prior near miss events (events that could have had a positive or negative outcome, where the outcome was non-fatal) they subsequently make riskier decisions than those who receive no near miss information. We explain the near miss bias as a discounting of given probability information such that people fail to see the independence of events. In Experiment 2, we show that when probability information is made salient and the decision makers attend to this probability information as the basis for their decision, the near miss bias goes away. In Experiment 2, we also see that when people have near miss information they search significantly less for information, even when that information is costless. Results are discussed in terms of accident prevention, Bayesian updating, and the normalization of deviance.","PeriodicalId":444034,"journal":{"name":"Decision Making & Negotiations","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115937599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Whispering in Cyberspace: The Effects of Private Communication on Decision Processes in Distributed Groups","authors":"S. Brodt, Colette Hoption","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.723961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.723961","url":null,"abstract":"Members of decision making groups often fail to share unique information, preferring instead to discuss information already held by others in the group. One explanation for this is that groups exert normative pressure, which increases group members' desire to validate their views and feel part of the group, often at the expense of decision quality. We report the results of an experiment using geographically distributed groups, which provide an innovative research paradigm. Working in electronic chat-rooms, distributed groups had access (or not) to a \"whispering\" feature that allowed for one-on-one conversations between group members unbeknownst to the rest of the group. This created a viable tool for overcoming social concerns, and enhancing information sharing and decision quality. As predicted, whispering groups shared more critical (unique) information and made better decisions than did non-whispering groups. Whispering technology helped the flow of unique information, especially conflicting information, which is often suppressed in discussions because of its potential to engender conflict within the group. Additionally, whispering worked indirectly; instead of whispering about unique facts, group members whispered about non-task topics, which serves a social function and supports relationships and interpersonal connections. Results are discussed in light of implication for theory, research, and practice.","PeriodicalId":444034,"journal":{"name":"Decision Making & Negotiations","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122396255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Meaning of Collaboration: A Study Using a Conceptual Mapping Technique","authors":"P. Curșeu, S. Schruijer, S. Boroș","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.734965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.734965","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we investigate lay people's conceptualization of collaboration. We used a card-sorting variant of a conceptual mapping technique to explore the way in which individuals and groups understand collaboration. First an interview and a free association technique were used to identify the main concepts used to define collaboration by a sample of 80 students. Afterwards, a sample of 56 students (with an average age of 20.94, fifty women) participated first in an individual and then in a group (of 3 and 4 members) cognitive mapping session in exchange for extra-credits for a Social Psychology course. After the completion of every cognitive mapping task, a post hoc questionnaire was used to evaluate: satisfaction with outcome and with the process, task difficulty, task intelligibility, conflict, individual participation to the group outcome, communication, collaboration, planning, organizing, process efficiency, as well as perceived difference between the group and individual outcomes was filled in after the group map was completed. Our results show that the complexity of individual cognitive maps is significantly higher than the complexity of group cognitive maps. Teamwork quality moderates the relation between the individual map complexity and group map complexity.","PeriodicalId":444034,"journal":{"name":"Decision Making & Negotiations","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121015185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roberto Martinez-Pecino, Lourdes Munduate Jaca, F. Medina
{"title":"Effectiveness of Mediation Strategies in Rights Conflicts and Conflicts of Interest","authors":"Roberto Martinez-Pecino, Lourdes Munduate Jaca, F. Medina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.735086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.735086","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we analyse contingent effectiveness of mediation strategies in labour conflicts differentiating between rights conflicts and conflicts of interests. In addition, we analyse gender differences in the use of mediation strategies. Considering Kressel and Pruitt (1985, Journal of Social Issues, 41, 179-198), taxonomy on mediation strategies, professional labour mediators responded to a survey about the strategies they used and the outcomes they achieved in their most recent mediation intervention. Regarding the effectiveness of mediation strategies, we hipothetized that the effectiveness of mediation strategies will vary according to the type of conflict (rights or interests) in the sense that reflexive, substantive and contextual strategies will be more effective in conflicts of interests than in rights conflicts. With regard to gender differences, we hipothetized that there will be differences between genders as regards to the use of mediation strategies in the sense that men will employ substantive strategies in greater measure than women.","PeriodicalId":444034,"journal":{"name":"Decision Making & Negotiations","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130013173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Getting More Out of Analogical Training in Negotiations: Learning Core Principles for Creating Value","authors":"S. Moran, Yoella Bereby‐Meyer, M. Bazerman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.701292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.701292","url":null,"abstract":"The present research adapts analogical training to teach negotiators broad thought processes for creating value. Recently, specific analogical training, wherein negotiators draw analogies between different cases involving the same strategy, was shown to be effective for learning and transferring specific value-creating strategies. The current results suggest that such specific learning may have limited generalizability to other value-creating processes. Diverse analogical training, wherein negotiators compare several different value-creating strategies, was shown to be more effective for learning underlying value-creating principles. This method facilitated transfer to a very distinctive task and improved performance on a variety of value-creating strategies, including some never previously encountered. The improved performance was also accompanied by a deeper understanding of thepotential to create value.","PeriodicalId":444034,"journal":{"name":"Decision Making & Negotiations","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124667582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Building Social Capital Through Consultative Decision Making: A Proposal for an Integrated Approach to Local Justice Sector Reform Programs","authors":"William E. Davis, Shahla F. Ali","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.600104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.600104","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how social capital is built through participation in community-based consultative decision making. Specifically, the article focuses on the contribution that consultative decision making in post-conflict environments makes to the enhancement of community trust and access to justice. Consultative decision making is a process in which a group seeks to discover relevant facts pertaining to a common issue, share its views in a spirit of openness, agree on applicable principles, and carry out group decisions in a collaborative spirit. Drawing on participant feedback, meeting minutes, and post-consultation reports, the article presents two case studies demonstrating the direct impact that community consultative processes have on the creation of both individual dispute resolution capacity and viable and sustainable models of access to justice in the informal sector and access to justice systems in the formal sector.","PeriodicalId":444034,"journal":{"name":"Decision Making & Negotiations","volume":"420 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132489353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Error and Bias in Comparative Judgment: On Being Both Better and Worse than We Think We are","authors":"Deborah A. Small, D. Moore","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.853465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.853465","url":null,"abstract":"People believe that they are better than others on easy tasks and worse than others on difficult tasks. Previous attempts to explain these better-than-average and worse-than-average effects have invoked bias and motivation as causes. This paper develops a more parsimonious account, the differential information explanation, which assumes only that people typically have better information about themselves than they do about others. When one's own performance is exceptional (either good or bad), it is often reasonable to assume others' will be less so. Consequently, people estimate the performance of others as less extreme (more regressive) than their own. The result is that people believe they are above average on easy tasks and below average on difficult tasks. These effects are exacerbated when people have accurate information about their performances, increasing the natural discrepancy between knowledge of self and others. The effects are attenuated when people obtain accurate information about the performances of others.","PeriodicalId":444034,"journal":{"name":"Decision Making & Negotiations","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124012064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}