Oncology and Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Oncological Management of Adrenocortical Carcinoma: An Update and Critical Review.","authors":"Nicholas P Rowell","doi":"10.1007/s40487-025-00327-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40487-025-00327-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adrenocortical carcinoma is a very rare cancer that commonly presents with hormonal abnormalities or, more rarely, as an incidental finding of an adrenal mass. Following optimal surgical management, ideally in the form of open adrenalectomy, meta-analyses show that adjuvant mitotane significantly increases recurrence-free and overall survival (HR 0.62 and 0.69 respectively) and tumour bed radiotherapy reduces locoregional recurrence and overall survival for higher risk cancers by at least 40-50%. Those with recurrent or metastatic cancers can be considered for the combination of etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin and mitotane (EDP-M) on the basis of results of a single randomised trial. There are significant pharmacological interactions within this regime that have yet to be satisfactorily addressed. Patients of borderline performance status may be treated with various modifications of this regime. More recent approaches with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and targeted therapy (TT), either alone or in combination, show some promise, but progression-free survival for the majority of regimes does not exceed 6 months. Cabozantinib or lenvatinib alone or in combination, show the greatest promise with disease control rates of 50% or greater, and progression-free survival in excess of 6 months. Studies combining ICIs and TT as a means of overcoming the immunosuppressive environment are ongoing. There are several ongoing clinical trials in this area although only a small proportion of patients may be able to access these. Local therapies with radiotherapy, thermal ablation or arterial embolisation may be helpful for selected patients, particularly those with oligometastatic disease or those with symptomatic metastases.</p>","PeriodicalId":44205,"journal":{"name":"Oncology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143442367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pexidartinib Upfront in a Case of Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: Proof of Concept for a Treatment Paradigm Shift.","authors":"Emanuela Palmerini, Giuliano Peta, Gianmarco Tuzzato","doi":"10.1007/s40487-024-00298-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40487-024-00298-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) is a rare, locally aggressive tumor of the joints, bursa, and tendon sheath that can cause considerable pain and substantial morbidity. Although surgery is the primary treatment for patients with TGCT, surgical resection is associated with high rates of recurrence, particularly for patients with diffuse TGCT. Pexidartinib, a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor, is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic TGCT associated with severe morbidity or functional limitations and not amenable to improvement with surgery.</p><p><strong>Case description: </strong>A 32-year-old man presented with intra-articular diffuse TGCT with pain and received noncurative treatment for 5 years (2014-2019). In 2019, the patient was found to have extensive disease accompanied by pain and limited range of motion. The patient's case was presented to a sarcoma multidisciplinary tumor board, who determined that surgery would cause significant morbidity and macroscopic residual tumor. As a result of the extent of disease, young age, and otherwise good health, treatment with pexidartinib was started through a compassionate use program at 800 mg/day. After dose reductions to pexidartinib at 400 mg/day and then 200 mg/day as a result of creatine phosphokinase elevations, the patient achieved a complete response after 2 years of treatment; pain was reduced and mobility was restored. The patient reported no side effects related to pexidartinib treatment. Treatment was stopped in 2022 for future family planning. After pexidartinib therapy was interrupted, the patient's wife had a successful pregnancy and delivery; however, the disease showed a slow but constant clinical deterioration, with a reduction in the range of movement of the affected knee and an apparent increase in widespread TGCT nodules.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our case is unique because it provides support for pexidartinib use as upfront therapy for TGCT, instead of surgery, in selected cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":44205,"journal":{"name":"Oncology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"833-841"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Patient-Relevant Measurement Strategy to Assess Clinical Benefit of Novel Therapies for Non-metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Diana Rofail, Anna Ciesluk, Teya Lovell, Patrick Marquis, Matthew G Fury, Chieh-I Chen","doi":"10.1007/s40487-024-00304-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40487-024-00304-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Although cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer, research describing the patient experience is limited. This study sought to create a conceptual model of non-metastatic disease, to assess patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments commonly used in CSCC against this model, and to develop a patient-relevant measurement strategy for evaluating the benefit of new therapies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Researchers conducted a literature review, a review of patient blogs, and interviews with dermatologists to draft the conceptual model. A total of 22 patients with CSCC participated in 60-min phone interviews, which were subsequently transcribed, coded, and analyzed; the conceptual model was then updated. PRO instruments used in CSCC were assessed for content validity on the basis of this.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CSCC patient experience includes physical symptoms, psychological impacts, and behavior changes. Existing PRO instruments were assessed against the conceptual model using targeted subdomains considered to be relevant for assessing clinical benefit. Four modules of the FACE-Q^® Skin Cancer instrument, plus de novo items developed for concepts not assessed by the FACE-Q^® [lesion symptoms, negative treatment effects (including symptomatic), and experience of care], provide the best coverage for the concepts of interest hypothesized to show the benefit of novel treatments.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the experience of patients with non-metastatic CSCC, and the effects of its treatment. It also identifies unmet needs in a subgroup of patients reporting negative treatment experiences. Further cognitive debriefing and psychometric analysis of de novo items are warranted for applications in clinical research.</p>","PeriodicalId":44205,"journal":{"name":"Oncology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"803-815"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Chronic Ice Water Ingestion a Risk Factor for Gastric Cancer Development? An Evidence-Based Hypothesis Focusing on East Asian Populations.","authors":"Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary","doi":"10.1007/s40487-024-00299-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40487-024-00299-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article introduces a novel risk factor for gastric cancer (GC) by analyzing available epidemiological data from East Asian populations. A significantly higher age-standardized GC rate was observed in Japanese and Korean populations than in Chinese populations, despite nearly identical ethnicity, food habits, obesity rates, and alcohol consumption. Given the pivotal role of environmental factors in GC development, particularly for the intestinal type, a thorough evaluation of the lifestyles of these three populations was conducted to identify commonalities and disparities. It was observed that Japanese and Korean individuals prefer consuming ice water, while Chinese individuals tend to drink warm water, potentially influenced by traditional Chinese medicine disciplines. Considering the key features of GC development, a literature review was conducted to investigate the mechanisms through which the consumption of ice water might contribute to GC initiation and progression. Mechanistically, exposing gastric cells to hypothermia can increase the risk of carcinogenesis through multiple pathways. This includes the promotion of Helicobacter pylori colonization, prolonged gastric inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in gastric cells. Furthermore, drinking ice water can enhance the survival, proliferation, and invasion of GC cells by releasing cold shock proteins, increasing gastric acid secretion, and delaying gastric emptying. Additionally, hypothermia can boost the immune evasion of cancer cells by weakening the antitumor immune system and activating different components of the tumor microenvironment. This paper also explores the association between exposure of GC cells to hypothermia and current insights into cancer hallmarks. These findings may partially elucidate the higher incidence of GC in Japanese and Korean populations and provide a clue for future experimental studies.Graphical abstract available for this article.</p>","PeriodicalId":44205,"journal":{"name":"Oncology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"629-646"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Narrative Review of the Clinical, Humanistic, and Economic Value of Pembrolizumab-Based Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Breast and Gynecologic Cancers.","authors":"Matthew J Monberg, Steve Keefe, Vassiliki Karantza, Konstantinos Tryfonidis, Sarper Toker, Jaime Mejia, Robert Orlowski, Amin Haiderali, Vimalanand S Prabhu, Gursel Aktan","doi":"10.1007/s40487-024-00308-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40487-024-00308-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast and gynecologic cancers are common across the world and are associated with substantial societal and economic burden. Pembrolizumab was among the first immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1 to be approved for the treatment of patients with triple-negative breast cancer, cervical cancer, and endometrial cancer. Recent clinical trials have established pembrolizumab regimens as a standard of care treatment for these tumor types. Clinical data are further supported by patient-reported outcome, cost-effectiveness, and real-world evidence. Pembrolizumab monotherapy and combination regimens do not negatively influence health-related quality of life and are cost-effective relative to comparators. Ongoing phase 3 studies with pembrolizumab will expand the current understanding of its use in breast and gynecologic cancers. Several of these studies are in patients with early-stage disease with the hope of curing patients. The main objective of this review is to summarize the clinical, humanistic, and economic value of pembrolizumab in these settings and to describe the future challenges for patients, caregivers, clinicians, and payers.</p>","PeriodicalId":44205,"journal":{"name":"Oncology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"701-734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573950/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142510046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some Considerations on the Treatment and Prognosis of the Most Common Malignant Tumors of the Larynx.","authors":"Fernando López, Primož Strojan, Alfio Ferlito","doi":"10.1007/s40487-024-00301-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40487-024-00301-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44205,"journal":{"name":"Oncology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"621-628"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142113157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Treatment Decisions and Management for Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Using Hypothetical Case Studies: A Vodcast.","authors":"Benjamin Garmezy, Ulka Vaishampayan","doi":"10.1007/s40487-024-00305-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40487-024-00305-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the armamentarium of therapies for the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) has grown. Combination therapies, including immuno-oncology (IO) agents and tyrosine kinase inhibitors [TKIs (IO-TKI)], and IO-IO combinations, are now approved for first-line treatment of aRCC. Decisions regarding the use of these combinations, IO-IO versus IO-TKI, can be challenging, as they have not been compared in a randomized trial; each of these combinations have been compared with sunitinib alone. In addition, patient-, disease-, and treatment-based factors must be evaluated in the decision-making process. More important is the consideration of patient management during treatment and optimal detection and management of toxicities to ensure continued benefit. In this vodcast, two experts in the field of kidney cancer will present case studies that represent typical patients seen in practice. The faculty will discuss treatment approaches, adverse event management, and which factors to consider during the treatment decision-making process. Viewers of the vodcast will get a better understanding of clinical trial outcomes related to an IO-TKI combination, such as axitinib plus pembrolizumab, that they can apply to their practice immediately. In addition, they will gain real-world insight into how experts approach the treatment of patients with aRCC and, more importantly, therapy management.</p>","PeriodicalId":44205,"journal":{"name":"Oncology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"647-661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stereotactic Radiotherapy Plus Nivolumab in Patients with Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Results from Phase 1/2 Clinical CA209-9KH Trial.","authors":"Milan Vošmik, Stanislav John, Josef Dvořák, Beatrice Mohelníková-Duchoňová, Bohuslav Melichar, Radka Lohynská, Aleš Ryška, Aml Mustafa Banni, Johana Krempová, Igor Sirák","doi":"10.1007/s40487-024-00309-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40487-024-00309-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The dismal prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) highlights the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) seem to be ineffective in most PDAC studies. Therefore, we conducted an open-label, multicenter phase 1/2 study (CA209-9KH) to evaluate the safety of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) and sequential ICI therapy in PDAC, as well as to validate the efficacy of this regimen as a potential activator of antitumor immunity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients aged ≥ 18 years with unresectable non-metastatic PDAC following four FOLFIRINOX induction cycles were included. Treatment comprised SRT (4 × 8 Gy) and sequential nivolumab administration until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoints were safety and toxicity assessment. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), biomarker evaluation, and quality of life (QoL) analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-two patients were screened, with 15 enrolled. Eleven (median) nivolumab cycles were administered. SRT demonstrated low and clinically nonsignificant toxicity, whereas nivolumab toxicity aligned with prior safety profiles, without grade 4-5 events observed. Three patients discontinued therapy owing to toxicity. Median PFS and OS were 8.1 and 13.0 months, respectively, with 12-month PFS and OS rates of 0% and 66.7%, respectively, and a 24-month OS rate of 8.9%. Biomarker levels correlated with clinical or radiological disease control. Patient-reported QoL remained acceptable, deteriorating with disease progression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SRT and nivolumab therapy exhibited manageable toxicity profiles consistent with previous findings; however, long-term treatment responses were not achieved with this regimen in locally advanced PDAC. Another strategy to trigger antitumor immunity in PDAC needs to be sought.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>EudraCT: 2017-003404-52; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04098432.</p>","PeriodicalId":44205,"journal":{"name":"Oncology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"817-831"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11574225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142510047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Leukemia: Future Perspectives.","authors":"Qiang Yang, Zexin Wang, Miao Liu, Lingling Gan","doi":"10.1007/s40487-024-00300-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40487-024-00300-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the human gastrointestinal tract. Numerous studies have shown a strong association between the gut microbiota and the emergence and progression of various diseases. Leukemia is one of the most common hematologic malignancies. Although standardized protocols and expert consensus have been developed for routine diagnosis and treatment, limitations remain due to individual differences. Nevertheless, a large number of studies have established a link between the gut microbiota and leukemia, with disturbances in the gut microbiota directly or indirectly affecting the development of leukemia. However, the causal relationship between the two remains unclear, and studying and exploring the causal relationship may open up entirely new avenues and protocols for use in the prevention and/or treatment of leukemia, offering new insights into diagnosis and treatment. In this review, the intricate relationship between the gut microbiota and leukemia is explored in depth, including causal associations, metabolite effects, therapeutic applications, and complications. Based on the characteristics of the gut microbiota, the future applications and prospects of gut microbiota are discussed to provide useful information for clinical treatment of leukemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":44205,"journal":{"name":"Oncology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"663-683"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142113226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Temporal Trends of Real-World Healthcare Costs Associated with Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab and Pembrolizumab Plus Axitinib as First-Line Treatment for Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Ella Xiaoyan Du, Keith A Betts, Travis Wang, Sophie A Kitchen, Xuanhao He, Xin Yin, Sarah B Guttenplan, Karen Beauchamp, Andrew Delgado, Lisa Rosenblatt","doi":"10.1007/s40487-024-00297-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40487-024-00297-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nivolumab plus ipilimumab (NIVO + IPI) and pembrolizumab plus axitinib (PEM + AXI) are first-line (1L) treatments for advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (aRCC), although the long-term trends in their associated real-world healthcare costs are not well defined. We compared the real-world healthcare costs of patients with aRCC who received 1L NIVO + IPI or PEM + AXI over 24 months.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adults with RCC and secondary malignancy who initiated 1L NIVO + IPI or PEM + AXI were identified in the Merative MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental Databases (01/01/2004 to 09/30/2021). All-cause and RCC-related healthcare costs (unadjusted and adjusted) were assessed per patient per month (PPPM) at 6-month intervals post-treatment initiation (index date) up to 24 months, and differences between the NIVO + IPI and PEM + AXI cohorts were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 325 patients with aRCC, 219 received NIVO + IPI and 106 received PEM + AXI as the 1L treatment. According to patients' follow-up length, the analyses for months 7-12 included 210 patients in the NIVO + IPI cohort and 103 in the PEM + AXI cohort; months 13-18 included 119 and 48 patients, respectively; and months 19-24 included 81 and 25 patients. PPPM unadjusted all-cause total costs were $46,348 for NIVO + IPI and $38,097 for PEM + AXI in months 1-6; $26,840 versus $27,983, respectively, in months 7-12; $22,899 versus $25,137 in months 13-18; and $22,279 versus $27,947 in months 19-24. PPPM unadjusted RCC-related costs were $44,059 for NIVO + IPI and $36,456 for PEM + AXI in months 1-6; $25,144 versus $26,692, respectively, in months 7-12; $21,645 versus $23,709 in months 13-18; and $20,486 versus $25,515 in months 19-24. PPPM costs declined more rapidly for patients receiving NIVO + IPI compared to those receiving PEM + AXI, resulting in significantly lower all-cause costs associated with NIVO + IPI during months 19-24 (difference - $10,914 [95% confidence interval - $21,436, - $1091]) and RCC-related costs during months 7-12 (- $4747 [(- $8929, - $512]) and 19-24 (- $10,261 [- $20,842, - $421]) after adjustment. Cost savings for NIVO + IPI versus PEM + AXI were driven by differences in drug costs which, after adjustment, were significantly lower in months 7-12 (difference - $5555 [all-cause], - $5689 [RCC-related]); 13-18 (- $7217 and - $6870, respectively); and 19-24 (- $16,682 and - $16,125).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the real-world PPPM healthcare costs of 1L NIVO + IPI were higher compared with PEM + AXI in the first 6 months of treatment, the costs associated with NIVO + IPI rapidly declined thereafter, resulting in significantly lower costs vs. PEM + AXI from months 7 to 24.</p>","PeriodicalId":44205,"journal":{"name":"Oncology and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"735-751"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573941/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}