Acta Borealia最新文献

{"title":"Multilingual encounters in Northern Norway","authors":"F. Hiss, Anja Maria Pesch, Hilde Sollid","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2021.1911196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2021.1911196","url":null,"abstract":"Norway has always been a multilingual society; Sámi languages have been spoken in vast geographical areas since prehistoric times, the Kven and other historical minority groups settled in the country, the Norwegian language has a great variety of dialects and the long coastline has eased mobility and enabled multiple multilingual encounters lasting short or long periods of time. In recent years, migrants from all over the world have become part of Norwegian society (Bull and Lindgren 2009). The practice and evaluation of multilingualism in its broadest sense have changed over the years, and new arenas in which multilingual encounters take place have emerged. The articles in this issue of Acta Borealia highlight a handful of aspects of these developments, as seen from the point of view of contemporary Northern Norway. The articles are written by members of the Multilingual North: Diversity, Education and Revitalization (MultiNor) research group at UiT The Arctic University of Norway. Although the articles in this special issue primarily concern multilingualism in contemporary settings, they are all rooted in the historical contexts of the northernmost region of Norway. Here, colonization and Norwegianization politics (from approximately 1860– 1950) have immensely influenced people’s multilingual lives, and the consequences are still highly present. Norwegianization promoted the use of the Norwegian language and stigmatized the use of the Sámi and Kven languages. This delegitimization had severe consequences. In many communities, there were language shifts from Sámi and Kven to Norwegian, and these languages are today considered endangered or severely endangered. However, since the Sámi and Kven languages were used privately and hidden from public arenas, they were not completely erased, and there is still a basis for their (re)vitalization and reclamation. These processes are now supported in the very same arenas where these languages were sanctioned, namely educational institutions, workplaces and public arenas (e.g. Huss 2008; Huss and Lindgren 2010; Pietikäinen et al. 2010). Historically, transnational migration to Northern Norway (e.g. Brochmann and Kjeldstadli 2014; Hiss 2017) contributed to linguistic diversity though not to the extent that can be seen in the twenty-first century. The Norwegian minority policy and the development of linguistic diversity in Northern Norway have been described in three main historical phases (e.g. Niemi 1995; Huss and Lindgren 2010). In the first phase, which lasted until the 1860s, the policy was described","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2021.1911196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43144208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social resilience in practice: insights from Finnish Lapland","authors":"M. Tennberg, T. Vuojala-Magga, J. Vola","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2020.1838151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2020.1838151","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT National debate and planning for major structural reforms of the Finnish welfare state have been ongoing for years. The most recent government plans include ideas to centralize basic services in major population centres and transfer the responsibility of organization from municipalities to new “health and social services counties”. Such reforms may have considerable consequences for low-income, vulnerable households and their resilience in sparsely populated Lapland. Knowledge about experiences of poverty and the ways in which vulnerable, low-income households tackle economic hardships in Finnish Lapland is scarce. To address this knowledge gap, we studied everyday practices of resilience among low-income, vulnerable households in Lapland as part of a Europe-wide study in nine countries from 2013 to 2017. The results of interviews with experts in local services (10) and households (24) in two locations in Lapland suggest that households rely on a close network of relatives and friends for the distribution of scarce resources and an exchange of skills in addition to a local support network consisting of municipal and non-governmental actors. These practices highlight the local, social, and collective nature of resilience among low-income households in contrast to the individualistic, heroic, and neoliberal understandings of resilience.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2020.1838151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46468026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swedenization of the North – the early medieval Swedish northern expansion and the emergence of the Birkarls.","authors":"Risto Nurmi, Jari-Matti Kuusela, V. Hakamäki","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2020.1757275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2020.1757275","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The State of Sweden expanded its domains successfully towards the north during the medieval period – particularly during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. This expansion north from Norrland over the Bothnian coast and further into Lapland has traditionally been discussed within the classical colonial framework. In this paper, however, we argue that the Swedish northern expansion was actually more a result of successful negotiations between the State of Sweden and the northern Iron Age economic elite, leading to the peaceful integration of the northern social system(s) into the Swedish society. As a result of this process the concept of Birkarls – the traditional medieval trade elite of the north – appeared into Swedish historical documents. Recent research has brought forward evidence indicating that the Birkarl system harks back to the Iron Age northern social system, and that the medieval Birkarls were a direct continuation of the Late Iron Age trader society that was integrated and assimilated into the Swedish society during the early fourteenth century.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2020.1757275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46026635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stories of reconciliation enacted in the everyday lives of Sámi tourism entrepreneurs","authors":"Britt Kramvig, Anniken Førde","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2020.1752463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2020.1752463","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Reconciliation has gained political interest in Norway, where a commission was established in 2018 to investigate the injustices committed in the past towards the Sámi and Kven. In this article, we argue that reconciliation can also be found in the small stories and events enacted in everyday life. Our analyses are based on a collaboration with a Sámi reindeer herding family who, through objects, food and tales, invite visitors to get “A taste of Sápmi”. Through storytelling events, they bring the colonial past into the present. In communicating that “nature is our culture”, these events have become a way to explore and express the interdependency between Sámi practices and landscape. We seek to explore how the act of telling locally embedded stories enables the Sámi entrepreneurs to reconcile with their colonial past. The storytelling events also offer a space for engagement in which visitors can reconcile with their own participation in these encounters.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2020.1752463","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59543050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industrial development in the North – Sámi interests squeezed between globalization and tradition","authors":"Elizabeth Angell, V. Nygaard, P. Selle","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2020.1751995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2020.1751995","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this article, we analyse tensions in Sámi local communities meeting new industrial development. Indigenous communities experience outmigration and are in need of new business development and employment. Global extractive companies may offer new jobs, but the type and scale of these jobs put pressure on traditional indigenous livelihoods. The study underlines the importance of two core ideal type Sámi positions – traditionalist and modernist – on future industrial development in rural Sámi areas in Norway. These positions are playing themselves out in different ways by the most important Sámi institutions; The Sámi Parliament (Sámediggi), The Finnmark Estate (FeFo) and Sámi-populated municipalities. The result is a deep-going institutional conflict around industrial development, making it very difficult to find compromises. To shed light on these conflicts and their implications, we analyse how different positions are institutionally visible in the ongoing battle concerning the Nussir mining case in the Sámi municipality Kvalsund in Northern Norway.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2020.1751995","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43391929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning the Sámi language outside of the Sámi core area in Norway","authors":"Nina Hermansen, Kjell Olsen","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2020.1751410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2020.1751410","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We analyze how the implementation of the Norwegian policy on the Sámi language in school has shaped some Norwegian-speaking Sámi youths’ experiences and challenges of language learning. The research was conducted in Alta, Finnmark county. The youths interviewed in this study have had education in the Sámi language for the larger part, or for the entirety, of their primary and secondary education. Semi-structured interviews were used to cover important topics, in thematic narratives. In the youths’ narratives, “a hidden transcript” (Scott, James C. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance. Hidden Transcripts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press) seems to permeate. They experienced Sámi language learning to be in Eidheim's ([1969. “When Ethnic Identity Is a Social Stigma.” In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. The Social Organization of Culture Difference, edited by Fredrik Barth, 39–57. Boston: Little, Brown and Company], 49) terms a “closed Sámi sphere”. We argue that in this particular context the schools’ institutional frames and practical implementation lead to sphering of what is considered Sámi and what is considered Norwegian. This makes it difficult, or maybe even impossible, for these youths to obtain the level of fluency in the North Sámi language that they strive for.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2020.1751410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43275149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mastering the environment: frontier behaviour at an ocean Klondike during Greenland halibut fishery","authors":"H. Broch","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2020.1751967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2020.1751967","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The expression “mastering the environment” may inspire conflicting associations depending on whether we focus on the temporality of targeted fishers, marine biologists, or policymakers. This study presents an emic perspective on how natural and social environments are understood and managed during the short fishing season for Greenland halibut. In the context of this paper, mastering has to do with communication, social relations, and efforts to live up to moral standards of behaviour and to adapt to sea bottom topography, fish-finding technology, weather conditions, and vessel safety. A particular focus is the knowledge generated through informal teaching and intergenerational support and respect. Nevertheless, this bank fishery displays characteristics of frontier behaviour, as state-induced quotas and particular events and practices onboard elicit unintended results.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2020.1751967","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42116665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postcolonial polar cities? New indigenous and cosmopolitan urbanness in the Arctic","authors":"M. Laruelle","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2019.1681657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2019.1681657","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The arrival into geography, and especially urban geography, of a frame of questioning coming from postcolonial studies has contributed to a fascinating debate about what a “postcolonial” city is and how the urban duality between ethnically, socially, and spatially segregated “European” towns and “native” settlements is being reformulated and transformed. Obviously, Arctic cities are not postcolonial in the political sense of being independent from the former colonial centre – although this process may be under way in Greenland – but they have seen a progressive move from a Eurocentric culture toward greater hybridization. This article looks into two new trends that contribute to making Arctic cities postcolonial: first, the arrival of indigenous peoples in cities and the concomitant diminution of the division between Europeans/urbanites and natives/rurals; and second, the arrival of labour migrants from abroad, which has given birth to a more plural and cosmopolitan citizenry. It advances the idea that Arctic cities are now in a position to play a “decolonizing” role, in the sense of progressively erasing the purely European aspect of the city and making it both more local and rooted (through indigenous communities) and more global and multicultural (through foreign labour migrants).","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2019.1681657","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44428701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A. E. Nordenskiöld in Swedish memory: the origin and uses of Arctic heroism","authors":"U. Wråkberg","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2019.1680511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2019.1680511","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT For Nordic nations scientific activities in the Polar Regions proved significant in defining national identities and shaping scientific profiles. Starting in the nineteenth century and continuing throughout the next century, polar research proved instrumental in inculcating national honour and expressing small-state colonial aspirations. It provided a source of heroes for forging collective memory and the fostering of youth by presenting the polar explorer as a model character. This study explores the ideological lineage of the nineteenth century polar hero by first relating this idol to historical archetypes of Western culture. It identifies the special traits of the Nordic polar hero and discusses how it was used for patriotic purposes. As a case in point the article looks at the career of the Finnish-Swedish mineralogist and Arctic expedition leader Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld and the ways he, with the help of others, successfully navigated not only the drift ice of polar seas but also the international republic of science, and the three national scenes of Sweden, Finland and Russia. In the process he was turned into a national hero both in Finland and Sweden, and presented as a patriotic role model for adolescents in the arts of postponing gratification and enduring hardship.","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2019.1680511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41307416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sámi, state subjugation and strategic interaction: individual mobility within multicultural networks","authors":"J. Nordin","doi":"10.1080/08003831.2019.1680003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2019.1680003","url":null,"abstract":"It is with high expectations that I open the historian Lars Ivar Hansen’s new book. For the readers of Acta Borealia Hansen needs no further introduction, being one of the leading scholars speciali...","PeriodicalId":44093,"journal":{"name":"Acta Borealia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08003831.2019.1680003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47920916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}