Hand Therapy最新文献

{"title":"Person-centred management of upper limb complex regional pain syndrome: an integrative review of non-pharmacological treatment.","authors":"Grace S Griffiths,&nbsp;Bronwyn L Thompson,&nbsp;Deborah L Snell,&nbsp;Jennifer A Dunn","doi":"10.1177/17589983221138610","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17589983221138610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is most common in the upper limb and associated with high disability. The purpose of this review was to critically appraise and synthesise literature exploring non-pharmacological treatment for upper limb CRPS, to guide upper-limb-specific management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using an integrative review methodology, 13 databases were searched to identify all published studies on non-pharmacological management of upper limb CRPS. The Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool was used to provide quality ratings for included studies, and analysis employed a qualitative descriptive approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 236 abstracts reviewed, 113 full texts were read, and 38 articles selected for data extraction. Designs included single case (<i>n</i> = 14), randomised controlled trial (<i>n</i> = 8), prospective cohort (<i>n</i> = 8), case series (<i>n</i> = 4), retrospective (<i>n</i> = 3), and mixed methods (<i>n</i> = 1). Interventions were categorised as sensory retraining (<i>n</i> = 13), kinesiotherapy (<i>n</i> = 7), manual therapies (<i>n</i> = 7), physical modalities (<i>n</i> = 6), and interdisciplinary treatment programmes (<i>n</i> = 5). All studies measured pain intensity, and most (<i>n</i> = 24) measured physical parameters such as strength, movement, or perceptual abilities. Few measured patient-rated function (<i>n</i> = 13) or psychological factors (<i>n</i> = 4). Quality ratings ranged from 30% to 93%, with a median of 60%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Methodological quality of non-pharmacological treatment approaches for upper limb CRPS is overall poor. Movement, desensitisation, and graded functional activity remain the mainstays of intervention. However, despite the impact of CRPS on wellbeing and function, psychological factors and functional outcomes are infrequently addressed. Further robust research is required to determine which aspects of treatment have the greatest influence on which symptoms, and when and how these should be introduced and progressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":43971,"journal":{"name":"Hand Therapy","volume":"28 1","pages":"16-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic factors for persistent pain after a distal radius fracture: a systematic review.","authors":"Catherine Rolls, Danielle A Van der Windt, Candy McCabe, Opeyemi O Babatunde, Elizabeth Bradshaw","doi":"10.1177/17589983221124973","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17589983221124973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the evidence regarding prognostic factors for persistent pain, including Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), after a distal radius fracture (DRF), a common condition after which persistent pain can develop.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medline, Pubmed, Embase, Psychinfo, CINAHL, BNI, AMED and the Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials were searched from inception to May 2021 for prospective longitudinal prognostic factor studies investigating persistent pain in adults who had sustained a DRF. The Quality in Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework were used to assess the strength of evidence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A search yielded 440 studies of which 7 studies met full eligibility criteria. From five studies we found low evidence for high baseline pain or an ulnar styloid fracture as prognostic factors for persistent pain, and very low evidence for diabetes or older age. From two studies, investigating an outcome of CRPS, there was low evidence for high baseline pain, slow reaction time, dysynchiria, swelling and catastrophising as prognostic factors, and very low evidence for depression. Sex was found not to be a prognostic factor for CRPS or persistent pain.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The associations between prognostic factors and persistent pain following a DRF are unclear. The small number of factors investigated in more than one study, along with poor reporting and methodological limitations contributed to an assessment of low to very low strength of evidence. Further prospective studies, investigating psychosocial factors as candidate predictors of multidimensional pain outcomes are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":43971,"journal":{"name":"Hand Therapy","volume":"27 4","pages":"123-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFSHT March.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/17589983221139908","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17589983221139908","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43971,"journal":{"name":"Hand Therapy","volume":"27 4","pages":"137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A qualitative study of the long-term consequences and adaptation in daily life after replantation surgery at a young age.","authors":"Hans-Eric Rosberg,&nbsp;Lars B Dahlin,&nbsp;Ingela K Carlsson","doi":"10.1177/17589983221118399","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17589983221118399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Impaired functioning is seen in patients following replantation surgery to the thumb or fingers. Our aim was to explore long-term consequences and adaptation in daily life after a thumb and/or multiple finger amputation followed by replantation surgery during young age.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine recruited individuals and analysed using content analysis. The participants were asked to describe their hand function, pain, appearance, emotional consequences, impact on daily life and strategies for overcoming daily challenges.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The interviews revealed five main categories: memories of the injury and concerns for the future; hand function, pain and cold sensitivity; feelings about having a visibly different hand; adaptation to impairments and challenges in daily life; and key messages to healthcare professions and advice to future patients.The circumstances of the injury were well remembered. Pain at rest was rare but occurred when grasping. Cold sensitivity was a major issue. Appearance-related concerns varied from none to a major problem. Despite impaired hand function, solutions were found to challenges in daily life. Compensatory strategies, personal resources and support from others were important in this adaptation process.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with replantation surgery after an amputation during young age adapt to challenges in daily life over time. Healthcare professionals should offer adequate support to enable emotional processing of trauma experience. Appearance-related concerns should be addressed to prevent distress. Information about alleviating strategies to overcome long-term problems with cold sensitivity should be emphasized.</p>","PeriodicalId":43971,"journal":{"name":"Hand Therapy","volume":"27 4","pages":"112-122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brief psychological screening for trapeziectomy: Identifying patients at high risk of a poor functional outcome.","authors":"Debbie Larson,&nbsp;Ian Nunney,&nbsp;Rebecca Champion,&nbsp;Claire Edwards,&nbsp;Adrian Chojnowski","doi":"10.1177/17589983221120839","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17589983221120839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study investigates if the psychological subscale from the STarT Back Screening Tool (STarT Psych-sub) identifies patients at high risk of a poor functional outcome after a trapeziectomy based on modifiable psychological factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 83 patients completed the STarT Psych-sub, QuickDASH (Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand), Patient Evaluation Measure (PEM) and a numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) before trapeziectomy. QuickDASH, PEM and NPRS were completed at 6 weeks, 16 weeks and 1 year after the trapeziectomy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The STarT Psych-sub stratified 24 patients (29%) as 'high-risk' and 59 (71%) as 'not high-risk' of a poor outcome. The 'high-risk' group reported worse function and pain (QuickDASH = 72.7, PEM = 81.1, NPRS = 8.3) at baseline than the 'not high-risk' group (QuickDASH = 56.1, PEM = 66.4, NPRS = 7.2). This difference remained constant at all time points after the trapeziectomy with 1-year scores on the QuickDASH = 39.6; PEM = 47.1 and NPRS = 3.7 for the 'high-risk' group and QuickDASH = 24.3; PEM = 33.3 and NPRS = 1.9 for the 'not high-risk' group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Brief psychological screening shows that patients with psychological risk factors experience improved pain and function outcomes following trapeziectomy, however their outcomes are significantly worse than patients who do not have psychological risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":43971,"journal":{"name":"Hand Therapy","volume":"27 4","pages":"105-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Driving, work, wound care and rehabilitation after carpal tunnel release: Consensus recommendations from a UK Delphi study.","authors":"Lisa Newington, Ira Madan, Fiona Sandford","doi":"10.1177/17589983221113870","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17589983221113870","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>There is variability in the information available for patients after carpal tunnel release (CTR). We aimed to establish (i) what advice should be provided regarding return to driving after CTR; (ii) how work activities should be categorised and defined in relation to CTR, and when patients should be recommended to return to these activities; (iii) what wound care and rehabilitation advice should be provided after CTR.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed consensus recommendations from an expert panel of hand surgeons, primary care surgeons and hand therapists using an electronic Delphi process. Participants were recruited from clinical organisations using pre-defined criteria. Delphi questionnaires included open text and tick-box responses. Consensus was defined as ≥75% agreement and summary feedback was provided after each round.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 33 panellists (21 surgeons and 12 hand therapists), of which 27 (82%) completed all rounds. Expected return to driving was agreed as 5-14 days. Expected timescales were also agreed for return to seven selected occupational activities. Post-operative advice focused on using and moving the hand, rather than specific rehabilitation. While consensus was reached for most items, there were important areas of disagreement, including divergent views on driving with sutures in situ and the need to inform car insurers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Recommendations from this study expand on existing advice by including functional descriptors for occupational activities and guidance timescales generated through a formal consensus process. Areas where consensus was not reached warrant further exploration to assess whether different practices impact clinical and functional outcomes for patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":43971,"journal":{"name":"Hand Therapy","volume":"27 3","pages":"71-82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10588429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative assessment of the course of distal radioulnar joint instability.","authors":"Hiroshi Yuine,&nbsp;Yuichi Yoshii,&nbsp;Kazuhiro Miyata,&nbsp;Hideki Shiraishi","doi":"10.1177/17589983221113872","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17589983221113872","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>There is a lack of methods to objectively evaluate improvement in distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability through treatment. We used ultrasonography to assess DRUJ instability and calculated the minimal detectable change (MDC) in healthy individuals. MDC was used to evaluate post-treatment changes in a patient with triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injury.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>DRUJ instability was evaluated using force-monitor ultrasonography in eight healthy male participants to determine MDC and in a man in his 60s who underwent surgery and rehabilitation for TFCC injury (Palmer classification: type 2C). In the patient, DRUJ instability was measured pre-operatively, 3 months postoperatively, and 1 year post-operatively. Self-reported hand and upper limb functional ability were also recorded. The transducer of the force-monitor ultrasonographic system was used to apply cyclic compressions to the wrists automatically and measure DRUJ displacements. The amount of displacement was calculated using the distance between the radius and ulna before and during cyclic compression to the wrists. The applied pressure was measured as the force to the wrist, and the displacement-to-force ratio was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 95% confidence MDC₉₅ for radioulnar displacement, displacement force, and displacement-to-force ratio were 0.27-0.31 mm, 0.30-0.59 N, and 0.12-0.15 mm/N, respectively. The patient's post-operative decrease in displacement exceeded the MDC₉₅. DRUJ stability, pain, and use of the affected hand in daily life improved.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Force-monitor ultrasonography can quantitatively evaluate post-treatment improvement in DRUJ stability over time. MDC for DRUJ instability can assess recovery after treatment or rehabilitation and determine changes resulting from interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":43971,"journal":{"name":"Hand Therapy","volume":"27 3","pages":"83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10588430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A system for automated acquisition of digital flexion using a 3-D camera and custom gantry.","authors":"David M Brogan,&nbsp;Aws Anaz,&nbsp;Marjorie Skubic,&nbsp;Christopher J Dy,&nbsp;Jay Bridgeman","doi":"10.1177/17589983221110916","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17589983221110916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Automated measurement of digital range of motion (ROM) may improve the accuracy of reporting and increase clinical efficiency. We hypothesize that a 3-D camera on a custom gantry will produce ROM measurements similar to those obtained with a manual goniometer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 3-D camera mounted on a custom gantry, was mechanized to rotate 200° around a platform. The video was processed to segment each digit and calculate joint angles in people with no history of any hand conditions or surgery to validate the system. A second-generation prototype was then assessed in people with different hand conditions. Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint flexion were measured repeatedly with a goniometer and the automated system. The average difference between manual and automatic measurements was calculated along with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the initial validation, 1,488 manual and 1,488 automated joint measurements were obtained and the measurement algorithm was refined. In people with hand conditions, 688 manual and 688 automated joint measurements were compared. Average acquisition time was 7 s per hand, with an additional 2-3 s required for data processing. ICC between manual and automated data in the clinical study ranged from 0.65 to 0.85 for the MCP joints, and 0.22 to 0.66 for PIP joints.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The automated system resulted in rapid data acquisition, with reliability varying by type of joint and location. It has the potential to improve efficiency in the collection of physical exam findings. Further developments of the system are needed to measure thumb and distal phalangeal motions.</p>","PeriodicalId":43971,"journal":{"name":"Hand Therapy","volume":"27 3","pages":"91-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10588428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in patient information and rehabilitation regimens after flexor tendon repair in the United Kingdom.","authors":"Lisa Newington, Jennifer Ce Lane, David Gw Holmes, Matthew D Gardiner","doi":"10.1177/17589983221089654","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17589983221089654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>There is clinical uncertainty regarding the optimal method of rehabilitation following flexor tendon repair. Many splint designs and rehabilitation regimens are reported in the literature; however, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of any one regimen. The aim of this study was to describe rehabilitation guidelines used in the United Kingdom (UK) following zone I/II flexor tendon repair.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a cross-sectional design, hand units in the UK were invited to complete a short survey and to upload their flexor tendon rehabilitation guidelines and patient information material. Approval was granted by the British Association of Hand Therapists. Data were extracted in duplicate, using a pre-piloted form, and analysed using descriptive statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-five hand units responded (21%), providing 52 treatment guidelines. Three splinting regimens were described, and all involved early active mobilisation: (i) long dorsal-blocking splint (DBS); (ii) short DBS; and (iii) relative motion flexion splint. Duration of full-time splint wear ranged from 4 to 6 weeks. There were variations in splint design and composition of home exercise programmes, particularly for the long DBS. Where reported, recommended return to driving ranged from 8 to 12 weeks, and return to light work activities ranged from 5 to 10 weeks.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Treatment guidelines varied across UK hand therapy departments, suggesting that patients receive differing advice about how to protect, move and use their hand after zone I/II flexor tendon repair. The disparity in splint wear duration, home exercise frequency and prescribed functional restrictions raises potential financial and social implications for patients. Future research should explore rehabilitation burden in addition to clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":43971,"journal":{"name":"Hand Therapy","volume":"27 2","pages":"49-57"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobilisation or immobilisation-based treatments for first carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis with subgroup analyses.","authors":"Nicoló Edoardo Magni,&nbsp;Peter John McNair,&nbsp;David Andrew Rice","doi":"10.1177/17589983221083994","DOIUrl":"10.1177/17589983221083994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Both joint mobilisation and immobilisation are thought to be effective in the treatment of first carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ) osteoarthritis (OA). The objective of this review was to establish whether either intervention reduced pain and improved pinch strength in people with first CMCJ OA in the short term and assess whether one intervention is superior to the other.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Seven databases were searched until May 2021. Only RCTs were included. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Grade of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system were utilised to rate the evidence. Random-effects meta-analysis with subgroup analyses were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight studies were included with a total of 417 participants. Mobilisation treatments included manual therapy with or without exercise while immobilisation interventions utilised thumb splinting with several different designs. Very low-quality and low-quality evidence showed that mobilisation led to statistically but not clinically significant improvements in pain (standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.03 to 1; I² = 60%; <i>p</i> = 0.06) and pinch strength (SMD = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.7; I² = 12%; <i>p</i> = 0.3) compared to placebo. Very low-quality and low-quality evidence showed no effect on pain and pinch strength compared to a control or no intervention. Subgroup analyses revealed no difference between interventions.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Neither mobilisation nor immobilisation alone led to clinically important improvements in pain or pinch strength in the short term in people with symptomatic first CMCJ OA. Neither therapeutic strategy appeared to be superior.</p>","PeriodicalId":43971,"journal":{"name":"Hand Therapy","volume":"27 2","pages":"37-48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71414622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}