Policy and Practice in Health and Safety最新文献

{"title":"Using Novel Geographical Information Systems Techniques to Address Regulatory Challenges","authors":"H. Balmforth, J. Januszewski, Matthew Hodgskiss, W. Holmes","doi":"10.1080/14774003.2015.11667810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667810","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Geographical information systems techniques and data are transforming the way geographically based information can be collated and analysed to provide evidence to inform regulatory activities. The Health and Safety Laboratory is at the forefront of these developments in the UK. This paper presents an overview of the fundamental geographical information systems concepts and methodologies that underpin the developments, and presents three case studies, drawing on applications for different regulators, to show how geographical information systems’ applications and analyses developed by the Health and Safety Laboratory produce evidence that can be used to inform regulatory activities to meet a range of challenges. Fundamental to the Health and Safety Laboratory’s approach to developing geographical information systems’ applications and solutions is the identification of appropriate information, the linking and joining of disparate datasets, and the analysis and exploitation of the subsequent intelligence. The Health and Safety Laboratory has developed datamatching algorithms and methodologies to create a number of datasets and solutions to address a range of challenges, including the development of the National Population Database - a geographical information systems-based tool to estimate population density and distribution for a wide range of population types. The National Population Database includes residential, workplace, retail, leisure, tourism and transport population estimates, as well as populations that may be more susceptible to harm, such as those in schools, hospitals, care homes and nurseries. The National Population Database is available UK-wide and at a range of resolutions, including down to building level detail, and is used across government for a wide range of applications. Using the National Population Database, along with other in-house tools and techniques, the Health and Safety Laboratory provides support and solutions to an increasingly wide range of regulatory areas through the development of: demographic models and tools to inform the siting of new nuclear power stations on behalf of the Office of Nuclear Regulation tools to identify the types and numbers of people exposed to risks from major hazards sites to inform regulatory activity by the Health and Safety Executive on societal risk tools to aid the targeting of risk-based regulatory inspection to improve local authority regulation. Case studies of applications developed for these three areas are presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":43946,"journal":{"name":"Policy and Practice in Health and Safety","volume":"52 1","pages":"31 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667810","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59825333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Representing Workers on Arrangements for Occupational Safety and Health in a Global Industry: Dock-Workers Experiences in Two Countries","authors":"E. Wadsworth, Syamantak Bhattacharya, D. Walters","doi":"10.1080/14774003.2015.11667819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667819","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Trade union support is a key pre-condition for effective autonomous worker representation and consultation on occupational safety and health. Using data from a recent study, this paper considers such support in container terminals in two countries with contrasting industrial, economic and labour relations’ profiles — Australia and India. Within globally determined corporate approaches, the study identified distinctly different models of participation and varied extent, reach and focus of external union support. Worker representation and participation arrangements were least well-developed and least effective where the role of organised labour was smallest — and where these arrangements were lacking, workers experiences of working conditions and occupational safety and health outcomes were poorer. The paper concludes that national labour relations and regulatory contexts were the main determinant of both the existence and quality of participatory arrangements and that, without conducive contextual influences, terminal operating companies had little place for such arrangements in their corporate occupational safety and health management strategies.","PeriodicalId":43946,"journal":{"name":"Policy and Practice in Health and Safety","volume":"13 1","pages":"107 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59825918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case Study of Regulating Helicopter Safety in the Canadian Offshore Oil Industry: The Crash of Cougar Flight 491","authors":"S. Hart","doi":"10.1080/14774003.2015.11667813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667813","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper assesses the effectiveness of the Canadian offshore oil safety regulatory regime leading up to a helicopter crash in 2009 with 17 fatalities, and in the context of international concern about offshore helicopter safety, a previous Canadian offshore disaster and international debates on the impact of the continuing shift towards goal setting in a deregulatory environment. The study was informed by assessment criteria synthesised from the literature, namely the evaluation of institutional design (the likelihood of independence) and regulatory process (gathering information on risk, setting standards, enforcement, participation and transparency). Qualitative analysis of documentary data generated from provincial and national investigations — including verbatim transcripts of inquiry evidence provided by industry, labour and government, plus regulatory and media sources — was used to assess the role of the regulators involved. The paper concludes that the regulatory framework had been largely ineffective leading up to the crash. The institutional design of the offshore regulator, which had dual responsibility for resource development and safety, was concluded as problematic and likely to have been connected to failures regarding all the regulatory process criteria. The federal regulator, responsible for Canadian aviation safety, was also seen as ineffective. In particular, safety standards were low in the operators’ contracts with the helicopter company, featuring many regulatory gaps, with missing or inadequate emergency technology in the helicopter itself, personal survival equipment, and search and rescue. Subsequent improvements in regulatory process are seen as limited by the low likelihood of important structural reform and the closure of vital regulatory gaps, given current government deregulatory policies.","PeriodicalId":43946,"journal":{"name":"Policy and Practice in Health and Safety","volume":"13 1","pages":"100 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667813","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59825404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governance, Change and the Work Environment*","authors":"M. Quinlan, K. Lippel, R. Johnstone, D. Walters","doi":"10.1080/14774003.2015.11667814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667814","url":null,"abstract":"The papers in this issue are based on some of those presented at a symposium on ‘Governance, Change and the Work Environment’, held at Cardiff University on 30 June to 02 July 2014. The symposium drew in a number of scholars from a range of countries (Australia, Britain, Canada, China and the Philippines) and disciplines (industrial relations, law, sociology and management studies). The symposium, and the wider project of which it formed part, had a number of aims.","PeriodicalId":43946,"journal":{"name":"Policy and Practice in Health and Safety","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667814","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59825457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Risk in the Norwegian Fishing Fleet","authors":"T. Thorvaldsen","doi":"10.1080/14774003.2015.11667809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667809","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract By virtue of the statistically high number of accidents in commercial fishing, it is commonly described as a high-risk occupation. In this paper, governmental risk management in the Norwegian fishing fleet is described and discussed. Prominent strategies for reducing risk include regulation, inspection, training and informational campaigns. Subsequently, compliance with regulations is taken as a reflection of the safety culture in the industry. Fishers do not necessarily see the need for all safety regulations, often claiming that they are already doing what they can to stay safe. Empirical examples are used to further describe the relationship and interaction between the authorities and fishers.","PeriodicalId":43946,"journal":{"name":"Policy and Practice in Health and Safety","volume":"13 1","pages":"17 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667809","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59825322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Move and Working Alone: Policy Implications of the Experiences of Unionised Newfoundland and Labrador Homecare Workers","authors":"K. Fitzpatrick, B. Neis","doi":"10.1080/14774003.2015.11667817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667817","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Homecare work is female-dominated, generally precarious, and takes place in transient and, sometimes, multiple workplaces. Homecare workers can engage in relatively complex employment-related geographical mobility to, from, and often between work locations that can change frequently and are remote from the location of their employer. Like other precarious workers, homecare workers may be more likely to experience work-related health and safety injuries and illnesses than non-precarious workers. Their complex patterns of employment-related geographical mobility may contribute to the risk of injury and illness. This paper explores patterns of employment-related geographical mobility and ways they influence the risk of injury and illness among unionised homecare workers living and working in two regions of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, on Canada’s east coast. It uses Quinlan & Bohle’s ‘pressure, disorganisation, and regulatory failure’ model to help make sense of the vulnerability of these workers to occupational safety and health risks. The study uses a qualitative, multi-methods approach consisting of semi-structured interviews and a review of government and homecare agency policies, as well as 20 Newfoundland and Labrador homecare collective agreements. It addresses two main questions: What are the work-related health and safety experiences of interviewed unionised homecare workers in Newfoundland and Labrador?; How do policies (government and homecare agency) and collective agreements interact with employment-related geographical mobility to mitigate or exacerbate the occupational safety and health challenges confronting these workers? Findings show that these workers experience numerous work-related health and safety issues, many of which relate to working in remote, transient and multiple workplaces. While collective agreements mitigate some health and safety issues, they do not fully address particular occupational safety and health risks associated with working alone, working remotely from employers, and working in transient workplaces, or the risks associated with commuting between workplaces. More active union engagement with these issues could be a mechanism to improve the health and safety of these and other homecare workers.","PeriodicalId":43946,"journal":{"name":"Policy and Practice in Health and Safety","volume":"126 1","pages":"47 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667817","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59825586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OSH Practices and Interventions in Small Businesses: Global Issues in the Quebec Context","authors":"D. Champoux, J. Brun","doi":"10.1080/14774003.2015.11667811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667811","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, occupational safety and health in small businesses is considered from the standpoint of relations between small business employers, workers and occupational safety and health practitioners. Quebec practitioners note that occupational safety and health risks are significant and not as well controlled in small businesses, and that this situation is not formally recognised in the occupational safety and health system. While small business employers and workers complain about not receiving the appropriate support to comply with occupational safety and health requirements, practitioners describe the difficulties that they encounter during their interventions. The results show that the Quebec public occupational safety and health system has been developed without taking the capacities of small businesses into account. The results also identify global issues in the Quebec occupational safety and health system and their specific effects in small businesses.","PeriodicalId":43946,"journal":{"name":"Policy and Practice in Health and Safety","volume":"13 1","pages":"47 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667811","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59825382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Itinerant Foreign Harvest Workers in Australia: The Impact of Precarious Employment on Occupational Safety and Health","authors":"E. Underhill, M. Rimmer","doi":"10.1080/14774003.2015.11667816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667816","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Horticulture work in many high-income economies is increasingly performed by temporary migrant workers from low-wage economies. In Australia, such work is now performed predominantly by international backpackers — young well-educated workers with mostly sound English language skills. These workers are drawn to harvesting work by a government scheme that provides an incentive for completing a specified number of days work in horticulture. This paper examines the health and safety experience of these workers, through focus groups, interviews and an online survey. Notwithstanding their distinctive backgrounds, the harvesting experience of these temporary migrant workers is similar to that of low-skilled migrants working in other high-income countries. Health and safety risks associated with work organisation and payment systems, and a lack of compliance with occupational safety and health legal requirements, are commonplace, but potentially compounded by a sense of invincibility among these young travellers. Furthermore, a growing pool of undocumented workers is placing downward pressures on their employment conditions. The vulnerability associated with work and earnings uncertainty, and the harsh environment in which harvesting work occurs, remains a constant, notwithstanding the background of these workers.","PeriodicalId":43946,"journal":{"name":"Policy and Practice in Health and Safety","volume":"13 1","pages":"25 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667816","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59825520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Wide-Ranging Coverage","authors":"D. Walters","doi":"10.1080/14774003.2015.11667807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667807","url":null,"abstract":"The six papers in this issue of PPHS illustrate something of the breadth of coverage of policy and practice in occupational safety and health (OSH). The first three papers were presented at the Working on Safety (WOS.net) conference in Scotland in 2014. The remaining three papers all originate from outside Europe – two address OSH issues in Canada, and one concerns employers’ experiences of return-to-work processes in Australia.","PeriodicalId":43946,"journal":{"name":"Policy and Practice in Health and Safety","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14774003.2015.11667807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59825254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slow to Learn: Regulatory Oversight of the Safety of Outsourced Aircraft Maintenance in the USA","authors":"M. Quinlan, I. Hampson, S. Gregson","doi":"10.1080/14774003.2014.11667798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14774003.2014.11667798","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aircraft maintenance outsourcing and offshoring is now prevalent in the airline industry. In the USA, the safety implications of this shift in work organisation have aroused serious concerns — concerns magnified by six serious incidents between 1995 and 2009. Subsequent investigations, audits and reviews of outsourced maintenance activities identified significant failures in regulatory oversight. However, the air safety enforcement agency — the Federal Aviation Administration — was slow to respond to these shortcomings, despite sustained criticism from other US government agencies responsible for transport safety and governance. This paper provides a case study of regulatory failure and the difficulty of reshaping regulatory regimes in the context of rapid changes to work organisation. It highlights challenges in regulating outsourcing and subcontracting — challenges not confined to the USA — as well as problems in reshaping enforcement regimes.","PeriodicalId":43946,"journal":{"name":"Policy and Practice in Health and Safety","volume":"12 1","pages":"71 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14774003.2014.11667798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59825495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}