Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing最新文献

{"title":"The Boundaries of Language Generation","authors":"N. Goldman","doi":"10.3115/980190.980215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980215","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I would like to address several basically independent issues relating to the processes of natural language generation (NLG) and research on modeling these processes. In the subsection \"Paradigms for Generation\" I maintain that, viewed at a moderately abstract level, the vast majority of current research in this area falls into a single model and focuses on the \"tail end\" of the language generation process. The difference between individual models seems to be based on differing assumptions or convictions regarding the nature of \"pre-generative\" aspects of language use.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122642123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMPROVING METHODOLOGY in Natural Language Processing","authors":"W. Mann","doi":"10.3115/980190.980226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980226","url":null,"abstract":"This is a position paper on understanding and improving the curreht styles and methods of scientific work in the application of computers to texts composed of elements from human languages, such as stories, dialogues and sentences. It deals only with kinds of research in which acoustic issues are secondary or absent. It is written specifically to precede discussion at the Workshop on Technical Issues in Natural Language Processing.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123067652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STEREOTYPES as an ACTOR Approach Towards Solving the Problem of Procedural Attachment in FRAME Theories","authors":"C. Hewitt","doi":"10.3115/980190.980221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980221","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a spin-off of our work on actors. We have worked out a dictionary for translating between what Minsky et. al. are saying about frames and what we are saying about actors. Using PLASMA [PLANNER-like System Modeled on Actors] we can demonstrate important relationships between the Minsky-frames and the PLANNER-like formalisms. PLASMA does not use the QA-4 context mechanism (Rulifson et. al. 1972). instead it uses explicit tags in assertions to keep track of the state of affairs in various situations. One problem with the QA-4 context mechanism is that the problem solver is forced to attempt to propagate all changes in the situation immediately on a frame shift since otherwise inconsistent information will be inherited from the previous situation. Another problem with QA-4 context meçhanism is that it is sometimes difficult to reason explicitly about various situations using it because situations [frames] are not explicitly part of the assertions and goals. Events that are viewed from several different viewpoints [as in a murder mystery] are difficult to handle. Also it is difficult to retrieve the appropriate prior situations from memory to aid in recognition tasks using QA-4 contexts. However, without the example of the QA-4 contexts to guide us, we could never have realized how to deal with these problems using tagged assertions. The context mechanism in CONNIVER was modeled on the one in QA-4.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"417 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122100974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Phrasal Lexicon","authors":"Joseph D. Becker","doi":"10.3115/980190.980212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980212","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical linguists have in recent years concentrated their attention on the productive aspect of language, wherein utterances are formed combinatorically from units the size of words or smaller. This paper will focus on the contrary aspect of language, wherein utterances are formed by repetition, modification, and concatenation of previously-known phrases consisting of more than one word. I suspect that we speak mostly by stitching together swatches of text that we have heard before; productive processes have the secondary role of adapting the old phrases to the new situation. The advantage of this point of view is that it has the potential to account for the observed linguistic behavior of native speakers, rather than discounting their actual behavior as irrelevant to their language. In particular, this point of view allows us to concede that most utterances are produced in stereotyped social situations, where the communicative and ritualistic functions of language demand not novelty, but rather an appropriate combination of formulas, cliches, idioms, allusions, slogans, and so forth. Language must have originated in such constrained social contexts, and they are still the predominant arena for language production. Therefore an understanding of the use of phrases is basic to the understanding of language as a whole.You are currently reading a much-abridged version of a paper that will be published elsewhere later.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132998177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Augmented Phrase Structure Grammars","authors":"George E. Heidorn","doi":"10.3115/980190.980197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980197","url":null,"abstract":"Augmented phrase structure grammars consist of phrase structure rules with embedded conditions and structure-building actions written in a specially developed language. An attribute-value, record-oriented information structure is an integral part of the theory.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114925681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Understanding Poetry","authors":"D. Waltz","doi":"10.3115/980190.980201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980201","url":null,"abstract":"By choosing to analyze examples of language which are unconventional and cannot always be grasped instantly by people, I believe that otherwise hidden processes active in language understanding can be exposed for examination. This paper addresses specifically the problems of how much knowledge is attached to a word, how much meaning is contained in syntactic structures, and ultimately what kinds of processing mechanisms are necessary to understand things which may be said in English.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132795976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Primitive ACTs of Conceptual Dependency","authors":"R. Schank","doi":"10.3115/980190.980205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980205","url":null,"abstract":"How should a proposition appear in memory? It simply cannot be stored in a form that bears a strong relationship to the original form of the input in natural language. Since it is possible to say .the same thing in any number of different ways, it is unreasonable to suppose that people are constantly checking to see if a proposition that they have stored one way in memory is the same as another they have stored somewhere else in a different form. What is far more likely is that people have developed a kind of canonical form. No two propositions in memory can be equivalent in this view, since the canonical form for their meaning forces them to be represented in the same way and thus stored and treated in the same way by memory.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117164543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Representation of Knowledge: Non-Linguistic Forms Do We Need Images and Analogues?","authors":"Z. Pylyshyn","doi":"10.3115/980190.980234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980234","url":null,"abstract":"It is no accident that inside most psychological theories of representation we can, if we look closely enough, discern a small person with his eyes on a screen and his hands on the controls. The metaphor is so seductive that almost all theories of perception succumb to it (as Kaufman, 1974 has noted in his recent review of theories in perception). True, we try to deliver the homonculus a better and more stable picture than falls on the eye of the larger person he is controlling -in fact we usually go to the trouble of presenting him with a three-dimensional model (often holographic), hoping to lighten his load, but the little man seems so friendly and familiar that we can't imagine how we could do without him. The dilemma this places us in goes back several millenia. It runs something like this. We need to have some internal representation of the world in order to think about it (indeed, in order to apprehend it at all). But if this internal representation is too similar to the world itself it cannot help us to apprehend it since it merely moves the same problem inside. On the other hand if it is too dissimilar then how can it represent the world at all? Epistemologists have squirmed under the horns of this dilemma trying by various means to make the problem disappear. Psychologists on the other hand have by and large dismissed the problem as old-fashioned (which it is) and have proceeded to be rigorous in their experimental analysis of the \"functional role of images\", Where images are not merely \"pictures\" but are artfully becoming much more fleeting and sketchy. Sometimes they are referred to as perceptual schemas, sometimes as \"the activation of perceptual processes\", and more recently as a~alo~ues. The little man for his part has been put in a black box where he continues to live under such guises as \"the visual system\" or as something which responds to the analogues by moving limbs or uttering sentences as required. This account is admittedly unfair to the many investigators who understand the basic problem quite well and are struggling to develop representation systems adequate to the task. But I believe that the caricature adequately characterizes the vast majority of psychological approaches to the phenomenon of so-called \"non-verbal representation\".","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"179 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122633275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Clowns Microworld","authors":"R. F. Simmons","doi":"10.3115/980190.980200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980200","url":null,"abstract":"About fifteen years of active research in natural language question-answering systems has provided reasonably concise and elegant formulations of computational semantics for understanding English sentences and questions about various microworlds. These include the Woods Lunar Data Base, the Winograd world of a pictured hand and blocks, the Heidorn world of a fueling station, the Hendrix, Slocum, Thompson world of transactions, John Seely Brown's power circuit and Schank's sketches of motivated humans. (See Woods <u>et al</u> 1972, Winograd 1972, Hendrix <u>et al</u> 1973, Heidorn 1972, Schank 1975 and Brown <u>et al</u> 1974.) In each of these worlds, a natural language processor is able to understand an ordinary subset of English and use it conversationally to accept data and to respond to commands and questions.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130809027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Trouble With Memory Distinctions","authors":"A. Collins","doi":"10.3115/980190.980209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980209","url":null,"abstract":"People have an enormous variety of knowledge: for example, there is phonemic, prosodic, syntactic, lexical, semantic, and pragmatic knowledge; there is knowledge about sights, sounds, smells, tastes, feelings, motions, and emotions; there is causal, inferential, procedural, experiential, heuristic, and social knowledge, etc. Between these different forms of knowledge some make one set of distinctions, others make another set of distinctions, and there doesn't seem to be any good way to decide who is right.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125265030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}