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Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing最新文献

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The Use of Focus as a Tool for Disambiguation of Definite Noun Phrases 焦点作为确定名词短语消歧义的工具
Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1978-07-25 DOI: 10.3115/980262.980276
C. Sidner
{"title":"The Use of Focus as a Tool for Disambiguation of Definite Noun Phrases","authors":"C. Sidner","doi":"10.3115/980262.980276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980262.980276","url":null,"abstract":"When speakers I utter or write sentences, they use certain words in the sentence to refer to people, places, object, times, events and ideas which exist in the real world. When sentences are formed into units of two or more sentences, certain words refer back to other referring expressions in' the previous sentences. Among the words which can be used to refer to the real world as well as to refer back (which is called the process of co-reference) are noun phrases containing a definite article, such as the (called defnps, hereafter). Several aspects of comprehension of defnps are open problems:","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126552130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
An Argument about the Composition of Conceptual Structure 论概念结构的构成
Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1978-07-25 DOI: 10.3115/980262.980288
R. Jackendoff
{"title":"An Argument about the Composition of Conceptual Structure","authors":"R. Jackendoff","doi":"10.3115/980262.980288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980262.980288","url":null,"abstract":"In order for people to be able to talk about what they perceive, there must be a level of mental representation at which information conveyed by language is compatible with information from sensory systems such as vision, nonverbal audition, touch, and so forth. I will call this level conceptual structure. Though the existence of conceptual structure has been more or less taken for granted (especially by the AI community), the need to consider it seriously has been brought to the attention of linguists rather recently, by such works as Fodor (1975) and Miller and Johnson-Laird (1976). This paper will present a combination of linguistic and visual evidence which bears on the nature of conceptual structure.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114662880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
The Processing of Referring Expressions within a Semantic Network 语义网络中引用表达式的处理
Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1978-07-25 DOI: 10.3115/980262.980271
John R. Anderson
{"title":"The Processing of Referring Expressions within a Semantic Network","authors":"John R. Anderson","doi":"10.3115/980262.980271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980262.980271","url":null,"abstract":"Frege (1892) is credited with emphasizing the distinction between sense and reference. His famous example involved the mornin$ star and the evenin$ star. Despite the fact that they both refer to the same object (i.e., Venus), they have different senses as witnessed by the fact that sentence (i) is not synonymous with sentence (2): (i) The morning star is the morning star. (2) The morning star is the evening star. This philosophical issue has similarities to an issue that is of importance to understanding natural language processing: How do subjects process referring expressions to extract internal representations (a) of their meaning and (b) of their referents in the external world. The example sentence that we will be returning to in this paper is: (3) The first president of the United States was a bad husband. It is clear that in understanding this sentence we both process the subject as a description, and identify this as referring to George Washington. This paper will try to explain how this comes about. As I believe that all interesting questions about representation come down to questions about memory, I will approach this question from a human memory perspective.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"15 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114059775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Path-Based and Node-Based Inference in Semantic Networks 语义网络中基于路径和基于节点的推理
Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1978-07-25 DOI: 10.3115/980262.980298
S. Shapiro
{"title":"Path-Based and Node-Based Inference in Semantic Networks","authors":"S. Shapiro","doi":"10.3115/980262.980298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980262.980298","url":null,"abstract":"Two styles of performing inference in semantic networks are presented and compared. Path-based inference allows an arc or a path of arcs between two given nodes to be inferred from the existence of another specified path between the same two nodes. Path-based inference rules may be written using a binary relational calculus notation. Node-based inference allows a structure of nodes to be inferred from the existence of an instance of a pattern of node structures. Node-based inference rules can be constructed in a semantic network using a variant of a predicate calculus notation. Path-based inference is more efficient, while node-based inference is more general. A method is described of combining the two styles in a single system in order to take advantage of the strengths of each. Applications of path-based inference rules to the representation of the extensional equivalence of intensional concepts, and to the explication of inheritance in hierarchies are sketched.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133778451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
A Note on Partial Match of Descriptions. Can One Simultaneously Question (Retrieve) and Inform (Update)? 关于描述部分匹配的注记。一个人可以同时提问(检索)和告知(更新)吗?
Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1978-07-25 DOI: 10.3115/980262.980293
A. Joshi
{"title":"A Note on Partial Match of Descriptions. Can One Simultaneously Question (Retrieve) and Inform (Update)?","authors":"A. Joshi","doi":"10.3115/980262.980293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980262.980293","url":null,"abstract":"In data base query systems there is an ~p~t assumption that descriptions in queries must match exactly, i.e., queries are for retrieval only, and not for retrieval and updating simultaneously. A related assumption (or constraint) that in questions descriptions are used referentially only (i.e., a question cannot be used simultaneously for questioning and informing) seems to hold in ordinary conversations also, with some qualifications. Some issues related to the validity of such a constraint and its relation to partial matching of descriptions are briefly discussed in this note.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133832596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
The Representation of Derivable Information in Memory: When What Might Have Been Left Unsaid Is Said 记忆中可衍生信息的表示:当可能未说的已经说了
Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1978-07-25 DOI: 10.3115/980262.980299
R. Spiro, Joseph Esposito, Richard J. Vondruska
{"title":"The Representation of Derivable Information in Memory: When What Might Have Been Left Unsaid Is Said","authors":"R. Spiro, Joseph Esposito, Richard J. Vondruska","doi":"10.3115/980262.980299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980262.980299","url":null,"abstract":"It is now widely accepted that natural language comprehension is a constructive process. Information in discourse interacts with a variety of impinging contextual factors (including, most prominently, the comprehender's pre-existing knowledge) in an active, creative process that results in understandings not derivable by any solely linguistic or logical analysis (c.f., Bransford & McCarrell, 1975; Spiro, 1977, in press). Acceptance of the constructive view of comprehension entails a concomitant delimitation of the range of possible theories of mental representation. Knowledge structures must possess some capability for detecting the pragmatic, as well as logical, implications of the incomplete data contained in discourse (c.f., Charniak, 1974; Mlnsky, 1975; Rumelhart & Ortony, 1977; Schank & Abelson, 1977). In other words, knowledge structures must contain considerable information about the way the world usually works. This characteristic of representation is useful and efficient because natural and social contexts do produce sufficient constraints on worldly events and ideas as to make them, to a limited extent, orderly and predictable.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121219185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Semantic Primitives in Language and Vision 语言与视觉中的语义原语
Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1978-07-25 DOI: 10.3115/980262.980291
Y. Wilks
{"title":"Semantic Primitives in Language and Vision","authors":"Y. Wilks","doi":"10.3115/980262.980291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980262.980291","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of t h i s b r i e f note is to argue tha t , whatever the j u s t i f i c a t i o n of semantic p r i m i t l v e s fo r language understanding may be [see Wilks 1977] there is no reason to be l ieve tha t i t re la tes to v i s i o n in any strong sense. By \"semantic p r i m i t i v e s \" I mean the general so r t o f item proposed w i t h i n A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i gence (AI) by Wllks (1972, 1977), Schank (1973) and w i t h i n l i n g u i s t i c s by Fodor and Katz (1963), Jackendoff (1975) among many o the rs , in both cases. The g e n e r a l i t y o f these items is essen t ia l to my argument, and I sha l l not count as semantic p r i m i t i v e s items used fo r special tasks, whether or not those tasks are re la ted to v i s i o n , as are the v i sua l desc r i p t i on p r i m i t i v e s of JohnsonLa i rd (1977).","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131261785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
How Episodic Is Semantic Memory? 语义记忆是情景性的吗?
Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1975-06-10 DOI: 10.3115/980190.980210
A. Ortony
{"title":"How Episodic Is Semantic Memory?","authors":"A. Ortony","doi":"10.3115/980190.980210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980210","url":null,"abstract":"At the end of his Philosophical Investigations Wittgenstein (1963) notes that the confusion and barrennes of psychology is to be explained not by the youth of the science but by the conceptual confusions that underlie it. I think one could easily make a case for saying that questions concerning the distinction proposed by Tulving (1972) between episodic and semantic memory generally involve precisely such conceptual confusions. What I propose to do in this paper is first to illustrate such a confusion, and then to suggest a possible way round it.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124963989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
The Nature of Perceptual Representation: An Examination of the Analog/Propositional Controversy 知觉表征的本质:类比/命题之争的检验
Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1975-06-10 DOI: 10.3115/980190.980233
S. Palmer
{"title":"The Nature of Perceptual Representation: An Examination of the Analog/Propositional Controversy","authors":"S. Palmer","doi":"10.3115/980190.980233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980233","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years a number of theorists have proposed that perceptual information can be represented in terms of propositi6nal (or relational) data structures (e.g., Baylor, 1971; Palmer, 1975: Winston, 1973). This development has provoked considerable controversy among psychologists and computer scientists over the type of representation most suitable for perceptual information, especially in the case of perceptual imagery (e.g., Bower, 1972; Kosslyn & Pommerantz, in preparation; Pylyshyn, 1973). The arguments typically pit some form of \"analog\" representation against some form of \"propositional\" representation. The tack often taken is to contrast a reasonable version of the favored type against an unreasonable version of the other type. This is particularly easy to do since there is considerable latitude within the categories of \"analog\" and \"propositional\" representations. While the arguments between the opposing schools of thought have been provocative and useful as an initial enterprise, their continuation in the present vein seems unlikely to produce eventual agreement on the nature of perceptual representation.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124759038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Organization and Inference in a Frame-Like System of Common Sense Knowledge 框架式常识系统中的组织与推理
Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1975-06-10 DOI: 10.3115/980190.980208
Eugene Charniak
{"title":"Organization and Inference in a Frame-Like System of Common Sense Knowledge","authors":"Eugene Charniak","doi":"10.3115/980190.980208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980190.980208","url":null,"abstract":"My goals have not changed since (Charniak 72). I am still interested in the construction of a computer program which will answer questions about simple narration (e.g. children's stories). More exactly, if one makes the somewhat unrealistic division of the problem into (a) going from natural language to a convenient internal representation, and (b) being able to \"reason\" about the information in the story in order to answer questions, my interests are clearly in the latter section. I will take it as given that such reasoning requires large amounts of \"common sense knowledge\" about the topics mentioned in the text, so I will not demonstrate this point. (However it should come out incidentally from the examples used to demonstrate other points.) To reason with this knowledge requires that it be organized, by which I simply mean it must be structured so that the system can get at necessary knowledge when it is needed, but that unnecessary knowledge will not clog the system with the all too familiar \"combinatorial explosion\". I will start with my current thoughts on organization.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125442061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 57
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