Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow最新文献

{"title":"Estimation of the age of ice hummocks in the freezing seas","authors":"E. Mironov, V. S. Porubaev","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-385","url":null,"abstract":"A method of estimating the ice ridge age proposed in the 1990s was analyzed and some disadvantages of this method were shown. Analysis of the ice thickness distribution in the ice ridges demonstrated that in many cases the average value of the thickness used in the above mentioned method did not correspond to the thickness of an ice floe of which the ice blocks were formed. The ice floe thickness is characterized by the modal value of the ice thicknesses. After the ice ridge has been formed the ice block thickness in its above-water part does not change while the thickness of the ice floe on which the ice ridge is located continues to increase. Our study has shown that the difference between thickness of the plane ice and the modal value of the ice block thickness may be used as a characteristic of the ice growth for the period of the ice ridge existence. This period can be determined by one of the calculation formulas at the known initial and final ice thickness. Calculation by formula of the ice growth thickness make possible to derive the date of ice ridge formation based on the average air temperatures. The updated method of estimating the time of ice ridge formation can be used for the ice-covered seas. Analysis of the estimated ice ridge ages showed a significant dependence of thickness of the minimal consolidated layer on the time of the ice ridge formation. A comparative analysis of (the) ages of ice ridges and the flexural strength of ice samples made it possible to determine important tendency - the increased ice strength in ice ridges of early formation. This allows us in further studies to derive a formula of relationship between an ice ridge age and a strength of its ice. In some cases the ice strength measurement in ice ridges can be replaced by a less laborious estimating of strength basing on data of the age.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66931523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Satellite images in the new Atlas «Russian Arctic»","authors":"V. Kravtsova, E. Pizhankova, A. Kizyakov, A. Gavrilov","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-384","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing interest in the Arctic promotes appearance of new cartographic products to provide information for the primary tasks of this region development. So, several atlases of the Arctic have been already published. At the initiative and with the financial support from the oil and gas industry, a new Atlas «Russian Arctic» is being prepared for publication, in which considerable attention is given to the environmental aspects of the development of the North with account for conditions of changing climate. Unlike previous atlases, this Atlas contains thematic sets of satellite images reflecting changes in the natural environment, in particular, different types of natural ice under conditions of warming. The space part of the Atlas developed by the authors of this article covers a number of subjects. Thus, the decrease in the area of sea ice is illustrated by the materials of shooting from the space of the Northern polar cap for the period of the largest reduction in the area. Images made in different time fix retreating of the shores, composed of underground ice, being the result of the processes of thermal abrasion, thermal erosion and thermal denudation. Complicated ice conditions of navigation in the Ob Bay and characteristics of the Arctic rivers mouths are presented by pictures of tidal estuaries of the rivers Mezen and Kuloi. Images of ice jams at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River and materials of space monitoring of measures for liquidation of them are also given in the Atlas. Special attention is given to forms of permafrost relief, which are well displayed in highresolution images. They show a polygonal micro-relief of different types and stages of development of them, as well as frost mounds, dales, and thermo-erosion forms. Formation of aufeises (naleds), thermokarst lakes, and craters of gas outbursts is also shown. The wildlife of the Arctic is represented in the Atlas as well. The pictures present a visual image of different types of tundra. The influence of warming on vegetation development is well reflected in the photo map of the dynamics of the vegetation index for 2000–2009, showing the growth of phytomass in the European North. The Atlas contains unique materials of satellite monitoring of Arctic mammals – walruses and seals. The impact of using mineral resources on the vulnerable nature of the Arctic is shown in the Khibiny region. Prominent examples of the vegetation degradation in the areas of Norilsk and Monchegorsk cities are given, where technogenic wastelands have been formed under the sulfuric acid fumes of the copper-nickel plants.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66931374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of technogenic pollution of the urban environment in Chita by the snow cover state","authors":"E. Bondarevich","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-393","url":null,"abstract":"The pollution of the snow cover in the city of Chita (Transbaikalia) with heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu) is analyzed, and a level of its pollution is compared with similar characteristics in the cities of neighboring regions. The method of inversion voltammetery made possible to find that the content of water-soluble forms of toxic trace elements in the snow is several times greater than in other settlements outside Chita. However, the median values of these values (indicators) are close. Similar results (indicators) were also noted in the ecological and geochemical coefficients, according to which the city of Chita may be attributed to areas with the average level of pollution (ZC = 35.66). Trends in the accumulation of mobile forms of heavy metals in the snow cover of other cities were similar features as it follows from low values of the Saet coefficient (ZC < 32). The charge coefficient calculated for the liquid fraction of the snow cover was found to be high. Therefore, for safe use, melt water should be diluted with clean water 75.24 times for fishery purposes and 9.4 times for economic and drinking use. Rather low content of heavy metals was found in the dust fraction of the snow cover, but in the industrial zone and the zone of residential many-storeyed buildings concentrations of all trace elements exceeded the maximum permissible values (TLV threshold limit value). At the same time, similar data for other settlements had still greater values, and the exceedings were tens and hundreds times greater the TLV values (the maximum permissible concentrations). The total pollution index (ZC = 72.5) with consideration for the toxicity of chemical elements (ZCT = 98.8) shows that the geochemical conditions in Chita is at the average level. For most other cities, values of the Saet coefficient were smaller 32 that corresponds to low and medium pollution levels. According to the level of dust load Chita is characterized by a high level of pollution (Pn ≥ 10 tons/km), and it means that more than 8000 tons of dust fall to the snow cover. It has been found that by the total load index (Zp = 493.5) the dust fraction characterizes urbanized territory of Chita as highly polluted, and in this case cadmium (Cu = 255.47) is the main polluter. Comparison of our results with those of other researchers allows making the conclusion that during the period of the Soviet Union disintegration by the beginning of the XXI century pollution of a snow cover notably reduced.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66931833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-landscape distribution of snow storage in the Mayma river basin (low-mountain area of the Russian Altai)","authors":"L. Lubenets, D. Chernykh","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-410","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of observations and cartographic modeling of distribution of maximum snow storages (snowpack water equivalent) in the low-mountain forest landscapes of the Maima river basin in different by snow amount winters. The weather conditions during cold periods of 2014/15–2017/18 were analyzed. The data on precipitation and mean monthly temperatures for the above mentioned seasons were compared with averaged values for 1998–2018 as the whole. It was found that the values of snow storages as well as losses for evaporation here are mainly conditioned by the meteorological parameters of the cold period. The algorithm of mapping with the use of the landscape cartographic basis and corrections for features of the relief and the character of the underlying surface is proposed. This algorithm may be used in the studies of snow accumulation in low-mountain forest landscapes. It had been found that the cold periods of 2014/15 and 2016/17 were characterized by the highest excess of winter precipitation over the averaged long-term values, whereas the lowest values were typical for 2017/18 and 2015/16. According to mean monthly air temperatures, the investigated winters were warm. The data on the in situ measurements and calculations confirm the dependence of snow accumulation in the basin on an altitude gradient, vegetation features, expositions and surface steepness. Consistently high values of snow storages are characteristic for the black-taiga landscapes on the shadow slopes (North-Western, Northern and North-Eastern expositions) with an angle of up to 20° with small-leaved forests. Minimum values of snow storages are observed in the sub-taiga part of the basin on the slopes of light (South-Western, Southern and South-Eastern) and transitional (Western and Eastern) expositions with an angle of more than 20° with the domination of original coniferous forests.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90876490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"XX century: Brief historical outline of Soviet/Russian glaciology","authors":"V. Kotlyakov","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-436","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the formation and development of Soviet glaciology during the second half of the XX century and the role of the Glaciological Department of the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences in this process. The Department of Glaciology had been organized in 1957 by outstanding Soviet scientist G.A. Avsyuk. During the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) Soviet glaciologists worked in Antarctica, on the Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, as well as in the Polar Urals, where a permanent station was established and operated until disintegration of the Soviet Union. In succeeding years comprehensive field studies of glaciers were carried out in the Caucasus, in mountains of Central Asia and at Spitsbergen. Since 1961, the results were published in the periodical issues «Data of Glaciological Studies». In 2010, this edition was transformed into an academic journal under the title «Ice and Snow». Two years later, along with the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Geographical Society became its co-founder. This is a quarterly journal. In the early 1960s, special Division of Glaciology had been organized in the Russian Geophysical Committee under Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and later on, members of this Department regularly organized All-Union (then All-Russian) glaciological symposia. These were held in different cities of the Soviet Union/Russia. A total of 16 glaciological symposia took place from 1961 to 2016. In addition, in 1970-80s the Department of Glaciology annually conducted school workshops on different areas of glaciology. In the 1970s, a program had been developed for continuous observations of the glacier fluctuations of three classes, differing in degree of detail; these works were carried out until disintegration of the Soviet Union. In 1965-1982, Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the Hydrometeorological Service collected data to compile the USSR Glacier Inventory, and the Department of Glaciology of the Institute of Geography had organized for this purpose the Pamir expedition that carried out field investigations from 1968 to 1974. The USSR Glacier Inventory was the first one in creation of the world catalogue of glaciers, which had been completed at the beginning of the XXI century. In 1997, the World Atlas of Snow and Ice Resources had been published; it was based on the whole complex of data available in the XX century on the state of the present-day glaciers. At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, there comes a time of the space age, when the main sources of our knowledge about the Earth are the satellite images of different scales and properties.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66931779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insoluble fractions of aerosols and heavy metals in fresh snow in the North-West of the Kola Peninsula in 2018","authors":"M. Mityaev, M. Gerasimova, I. Ryzhik, T. G. Ishkulova","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-386","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of studies of newly fallen snow in the North of the Kola Peninsula, it was found that from January to May 2018 its density amounted, on the average, to 0.160±0.006 g/cm3 (n = 82), and pH of melted snow water – 6.87±0.14 (n = 47). Neutral and slightly alkaline reaction of snow water impedes the mobility of heavy metals in the insoluble fraction of aerosols. In loose fresh snow (density less than 0.2 g/cm3) the content of solid aerosols increases as the snow density grows. The average concentration of solid aerosol particles in freshly fallen snow is 4.04±0.24 mg/l (n = 47). Over the winter period of 2018 (120 days), about 1.85–2.37 thousand tons of aerosol substance precipitated on the underlying surface of the area under investigation. The daily deposition of aerosols averaged 1.03–1.33 mg·m−2, and together with solid precipitation, μg·m−2·day−1: Zn – 12.5–14.2, Cu – 2.2–2.5, Pb – 0.58–0.66, Cd – 0.31–0.42. According to the results of our researches, two impact areas were previously identified, both allocated to large regional centers. The Murmansk coast is divided into three background areas, each of which corresponds to its natural landscape complex.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66931641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stable isotopes of 18O and D in key components of water flows and the permafrost zone of Central Yakutia (Eastern Siberia)","authors":"A. Galanin, M. Pavlova, T. Papina, A. N. Eyrikh, N. Pavlova","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-3-414","url":null,"abstract":"Stable isotopes of 18O and D in key components of water flows and the permafrost zone of Central Yakutia (Eastern Siberia) A.A. Galanin1*, M.R. Pavlova1, T.S. Papina2, A.N. Eyrikh2, N.A. Pavlova1 1Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia; 2Institute for Water and Environmental Problems, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Barnaul, Russia *agalanin@gmail .com Received December 8, 2018 / Revised March 24, 2019 / Accepted June 13, 2019","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66932097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating of snow cover formation by the model of interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere (SWAP)","authors":"E. Gusev, O. Nasonova","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-2-401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-2-401","url":null,"abstract":"In framework of the project «The Earth system Models – Snow Models Intercomparison Project» (ESMSnowMIP), calculations of snow storages were carried out on ten experimental sites organized for longterm monitoring of the snow cover variability in various regions of the globe. The calculation method is based on the physical and mathematical description of heat and moisture exchange processes occurring within the system «ground water – soil – vegetation cover/snow cover – surface layer of the atmosphere», and it is implemented in the form of the model of interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere (SWAP). The model was developed at the Institute of water problems (IWP) of Russian Academy of Sciences. The model makes possible to calculate components of water and heat balances and different characteristics of the hydrological regime of terrestrial ecosystems and river basins having different spatial scales and located in different natural conditions. Good quality of reproduction of the snow storages variability on all considered sites is reached that allows consideration of the SWAP model as one of the best models of the snow cover formation. Thus, the SWAP model has a sufficiently optimal degree of complexity of the algorithm for reproducing the dynamics of snow cover, which is necessary and sufficient in global and regional hydrological models describing formation of the water balance of the land in the cold regions of the planet, and can be used to create scenario forecasts of snow dynamics (as the important part of the cryosphere). This conclusion is verified by the results of using the SWAP model to reproduce long-term variability of snow storages in basins of the River Lena and the River Ob (with its tributary Irtysh) which are the two largest rivers of the Russian Federation. The calculated and measured characteristics of snow cover dynamics for these basins are shown to be in good agreement.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66931601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specifics of boglands freezing in the north and northwest of the European part of Russia under climate change","authors":"V. I. Batuev, I. L. Kalyuzhny","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-2-390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-2-390","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term complex observations covering the period of 1949–2018 made possible to determine the average annual characteristics of the depth of freezing of wetlands in the North and Northwest of the European territory of Russia together with main factors of its formation, and spatial and temporal variability. The main factors that determine the depth of freezing of wetlands are ambient temperature, snow cover thickness, and a degree of watering of the micro landscape (water reserves of the micro landscape). At the initial stage of freezing, the major factor is the ambient temperature, when intensity of the freezing reaches 0.5–0.8 cm/day. As snow falls, the freezing rate becomes smaller, and when the snow cover thickness reaches 25–30 cm the depth amounts to 0.2–0.3 cm/day and smaller. It was found that the spatial variability of the freezing depth decreases from large values of the coefficient of variation (0.3–0.4) at the depth of 20–30 cm to less than 0.1 when the depth exceeds 60 cm. The largest values of the depth are recorded in the North of the Kola Peninsula, where sometimes they reach from 84 to 97 cm with the average values of 48–66. In large hummocky bogs, when the seasonal freezing comes down to 63–65 cm it links with the permafrost layer. On average, swamps of these bogs freeze down to a depth of 68 cm. The average climatic depth of freezing of oligotrophic bogs of the NorthWest is 21–24 cm; in some years, freezing of them reaches 32–40 cm. It has been shown that the relative warming of the climate resulted in decreasing in the depth of freezing of wetlands in the North and North-West of the European territory of Russia. Relative to the previous climatic period, the depth of frost penetration in the northern Ilasskoye bog decreased by 32%, and in north-western Lammin-Suo bog – by 31%.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66931274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods of accounting the avalanche hazard for the territorial land-use planning in Russia","authors":"P. M. Rodionova, A. Turchaninova, S. Sokratov, Y. Seliverstov, T. G. Glazovskaya","doi":"10.15356/2076-6734-2019-2-398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2019-2-398","url":null,"abstract":"The legislation of the Russian Federation establishes the need to take into account hazardous natural processes and their parameters in territorial planning, as well as presentation of them in the relevant documentation in the form of maps. In a number of countries, there is a long-standing practice of mapping the avalanche zones basing on the definition of different levels of danger, which are used to limit or ban the construction in avalanche zones, as well as to project the anti-avalanche activities. Russia has experience in assessing risk and mapping the avalanche danger, but the practice of making such plans in our country is still not developed. The purpose of this work is to determine and plot on map avalanche zones on the example of one of the actively developed mountain regions of Russia. The all-season mountain resort «Gorky Gorod», located on Krasnaya Polyana in the Krasnodar region, was chosen as the object of study. Two approaches to the accounting and mapping of avalanche hazard in territorial planning were tested. In the first case, occurrence and pressure of avalanches were the determining factors. In the second case, critical avalanche pressure values were used to determine their destructive impact effect. To determine indexes (indicators) of the avalanche hazard, the simulation of snow avalanches in the RAMMS program was performed. According to the results of modeling for area of the «Gorky Gorod» resort schemes of the avalanche zones were constructed on the basis of two different approaches, having no account for the anti-avalanche measures used there. A more detailed plan based on a combination of these two approaches had also been drawn up and analyzed. The required criteria for determining the boundaries of zones with different levels of the danger are the subject for discussion. However, the proposed division of avalanchedangerous territory into zones with different levels of the hazard at the stage of territorial planning meets the requirements of the legislation and contributes to improving human security, reducing the avalanche risk, and mitigating the consequences of emergencies caused by avalanches.","PeriodicalId":43880,"journal":{"name":"Led i Sneg-Ice and Snow","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89974276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}