Venoms and Toxins最新文献

{"title":"Substances of Milky Juice of Genus Lactarius Fungi: Chemical and Toxicological Characteristics","authors":"Volodymyr O. Antonyuk, LydiaV. Panchak, Mariana V. Tsivinska, Rostyslav S. Stoika","doi":"10.2174/2666121702666220822125947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121702666220822125947","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fungi of the genus Lactarius Pers. before the maturation of spores are not damaged by microorganisms, insects, mollusks, and animals. Such resistance correlates with the period when the basidiomes of these fungi are filled with milky juice, which contains substances of various chemical nature that provide their protection. Objective: The aim of our work is to present the results of our recent and previously published studies on the identification and toxicological characteristics of substances available in the milky juice of fungi of the genus Lactarius Pers and used for protection against predator and parasite organisms. The possibility of using these substances to suppress tumor cells is also discussed. Methods: The biological effect of the juice of L. pergamenus, L. quietus, and L. volemus, as well as methylene chloride, extracts obtained from fresh, frozen and dried basidiomes of L. pergamenus was studied. Purification of individual fractions of hexane extract from the basidiomes was performed by chromatography on a silica gel column and their analysis by done by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Results: The sesquiterpene aldehydes were shown to be the main component of the chemical protection system of Lactarius. These agents are present in the milky juice of the Lactarius fungi, and they are easily oxidized by oxygen in the air. The milky juice of these mushrooms is also rich in higher fatty acids and phthalates. Phthalates possess an insecticidal effect, while higher fatty acids are capable of forming adducts with sesquiterpenes that provide emulsion stability. Water-soluble substances, in particular, the polyphenol oxidase enzyme, whose activity correlates with the content of milky juice in basidiomes, also play a protective role. Conclusion: Milky juice of mushrooms of Lactarius Pers. genus is a stable balanced emulsion containing a large number of substances. One part is responsible for the toxic effects on other organisms, while the other part determines the chemical stability of the emulsion. Altogether, they create an effective system of protection of fungi of the Lactarius genus against microorganisms, insects, mollusks, and animals.","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-vitro and in-vivo neutralization activity of methanol extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp against Naja nigricollis venom","authors":"D. Sani, John Oluwamayokun Elijah, M. Mamman, P. Yusuf, K. Jolayemi, Mary Oluwatomisin Elijah, M. Ameh, D. Otie","doi":"10.2174/2666121703666221213122738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121703666221213122738","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Adansonia digitata has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases including snakebite envenomation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this study, the protective and ameliorative potentials of crude methanol extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp against crude venom of Naja nigricollis in-vitro and in-vivo were investigated.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The dose-dependent inhibitory studies, pharmacological, histopathological and in vivo studies were conducted using standard methods.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The mean lethal dose of the crude methanolic extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp in Wistar rats was >5,000 mg/kg, while Naja nigricollis venom was 0.89 mg/kg. The anti-lethality effective concentration of the fruit pulp on Naja nigricollis venom was 92.52 mg/ml. Treatment significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the activities of Naja nigricollis phospholipase A2 and dose-dependently reduced Naja nigricollis venom-induced paw oedema at 1-4 hours post-envenomation. In-vivo, treatment with 250 and 500 mg/kg of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp was protective against the clinical signs and mortality. Serum acetylcholinesterase activities were maintained in the group treated with normal saline and the ameliorative groups but decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in other groups. Brain acetylcholinesterase was high in all the groups by day 1 but was reduced with increasing dose by day 2 in the ameliorative groups only. Adansonia digitata fruit pulp also preserved the histoarchitecture of the brain, heart, liver and spleen from venom-induced pathologies.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Crude methanolic extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp possesses good protective and ameliorative neutralization effects on Naja nigricollis venom and could be promising in the management of snakebite envenomation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128774234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Toxic effects of Bothrops jararacussu Snake Venom on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae","authors":"D. P. Marchi-Salvador, Layssa Gualberto da Silva, Pedro Gabriel Nascimento dos Santos, Juliana Alves Costa Ribeiro Souza, R. X. Martins, Pierri Emanoel de Abreu Oliveira, D. Farias","doi":"10.2174/2666121702666220929153903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121702666220929153903","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Approximately 90% of reported and identified cases of snakebite in Brazil are caused by species belonging to the Bothrops genus. These snakes have clinical relevance due to their venom composition, which contains substances capable of triggering local and systemic effects culminating in the development of morbidities and mortality in the affected individual.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study aims to evaluate the toxic and toxinological effects of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom on zebrafish embryos and larvae. B. jararacussu venom’s stability, under the conditions used in the toxicity experiments in zebrafish embryos and larvae was evaluated on citrated human plasma by measuring the prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Mortality, morphological alterations, spontaneous tail movements, heartbeat, toxicity parameters and activity of enzymes biomarkers of toxicity were evaluated in zebrafish embryos and/or larvae after exposure to the venom. Acute toxicity was assessed by semi-static exposure of zebrafish embryos to venom for 96 hours.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results indicated that the venom causes toxicity in zebrafish embryos and larvae, inducing embryonic mortality, alteration in the number of spontaneous tail movements and activity of biomarker enzymes. The results suggest that the toxic effects caused by the venom in the early stages of zebrafish development are mediated, in part, by neurotoxic action, and induction of oxidative and metabolic stress caused by low molecular weight components and proteins present in this venom.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Toxinological evaluations using the zebrafish as a model are scarce; however, this study presented promising results that encourage the development of future research in toxinology using this animal as a model organism.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117233287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meet the Editorial Board Member","authors":"D. P. Marchi-Salvador","doi":"10.2174/266612170202221122163207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/266612170202221122163207","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:sec>\u0000<jats:title />\u0000<jats:p />\u0000</jats:sec>","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126975605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snake Envenomation And Innate Immune System: An Overview","authors":"M. Reis, Anna Caroline Vendrame Cazeloto, Julia Breda Roque, Juliana Cogo Ferreira, Marianna Minaré Vigo, K. F. Zoccal","doi":"10.2174/2666121702666220523140901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121702666220523140901","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Snake envenomations are one of the most common venomous accidents caused by animals in the world. The symptoms induced after bite vary accordingly to the species. Most of the snake venoms elicit direct or indirect activation of the innate immune responses that ranges from local to systemic effects and contributes to the clinical manifestations after envenoming. The venom interacts with the immune system by inducing the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, which contributes to create a proinflamatory status, release of cytokines and lipid mediators, and has properties to modulate other components of the innate immune system like the complement system. In this review, we highlitht some studies that point out over the years the mechanisms by which snake venoms interact with the innate immune system, as well as the pharmacological potential of this class of compounds with great applicability to the medical field.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131061638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxins from venomous arthropods in Brazil: patents and potential biotechnological applications","authors":"Pedro Henrique Cardoso de Castro, A. L. Paiva, Barbara B R Oliveira-Mendes, C. Guerra-Duarte, Alessandra Matavel","doi":"10.2174/2666121702666220523143235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121702666220523143235","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The diversity of components in arthropod venoms constitute a rich source of bioactive molecules. Brazil is the most biodiverse country of the world, comprising 15 to 20% of the total catalogued species, with approximately 103,870 animal species including arthropods. Although many articles mention the biotechnological potential of these venoms and toxins, only few studies compile the patented uses of these molecules.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This review describes the knowledge about the molecular mechanism of venoms and toxins with biotechnological potential, and list the patents deposited up to 2021 related to the main medical relevant arthropods in Brazil including the orders Araneae (spider genus Phoneutria, Loxosceles, Latrodectus), Scorpiones (scorpion genus Tityus), Lepidoptera (caterpillar genus Lonomia), and Hymenoptera.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The international patent search engine “Espacenet” and the “Brazilian patent office” were used to search the patents described in this article.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Up to date, 34 patents have been filled involving these Brazilian arthropods' venoms or toxins. Most of them (20) claimed biotechnological inventions with spider toxins, mainly from the genus Phoneutria. Only seven inventions involved venom or toxins from scorpions, one from bee, three from wasps, and three from caterpillars.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Brazil is one of the main references in venoms and toxins’ studies; however, the limited number of deposited patents related to this area by Brazilian researchers do not reflect their pioneer position in this field. On the other hand, patents were well described and made with purified toxins, rather than with the whole venom. Nevertheless, the vast publication record of venom and toxin characterization that leads to a better understanding of their molecular mechanisms paves the way for turning these promising molecules into possible products.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117071604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current ion channel-targeted drugs and potential of venom-derived peptides as a therapeutic new modality","authors":"Toshiaki Okada, H. Taira, Tadashi Kimura","doi":"10.2174/2666121702666220429095250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121702666220429095250","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Ion channel function is an essential mechanism for maintaining life and is involved in a variety of physiological activities. However, various factors such as heredity, aging, wounding, and diseases can cause abnormalities in ion channel function and expression. Such channel abnormalities can interfere with the healthy activities of the organism and threaten the maintenance of life. There are many types of ion channels, and their roles are diverse. In recent years, it is becoming clear that ion channels are intrinsically involved in a variety of diseases beyond what has been previously thought. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop more drugs by increasing the variety of channels for drug discovery and the variety of diseases to be treated. In this review, we will introduce the ion channels that are currently targets for drug discovery and the mechanisms by which these channels are involved in diseases, focusing on information compiled on the Internet. Currently, the target ion channels for drug development and the diseases to be treated are becoming more diverse. The drugs under development are not only small molecules, which account for most of the ion channel drugs developed to date, but also different types of drugs, such as antibodies, peptides, and oligonucleotides. Many of existing ion channel drugs have side effect problems that may be due to their low specificity. Diversification of drugs may facilitate the resolution of these problems, and venom-derived peptide drugs are a promising class of future agents that can contribute to this end. In the last part of this review, the status of drug development of venom-derived peptides will also be discussed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115334605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Validation of an ELISA to Evaluate Neutralizing Equine Anti Shiga Toxin Antibodies in Preclinical Studies","authors":"G. Santiago, Hiriart Yanina, L. Muñoz, F. Rey, G. Hein, Santiago Sanguineti, Vanesa Zylverman, H. Ortega, B. Marelli","doi":"10.2174/2666121702666220427081107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121702666220427081107","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated to Shiga-toxin produced by Escherichia coli is a serious worldwide foodborne disease. Nowadays, no treatment is available, only supportive care can be provided, and 50 % of the patients require a period of dialysis. Recently, a therapy based on Neutralizing Equine Anti Shiga Toxin (NEAST) antibodies has been developed. NEAST is composed of F(ab’)2 fragments from equine immunoglobulins.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The purpose of this study was to develop an ELISA to measure serum concentrations of NEAST in mice and rabbits and to validate it according to international recommendations. The validated method was further used to analyze the NEAST PK during preclinical studies.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A sandwich ELISA was developed, the performance of the calibration curve was assessed and it was validated based on the parameters as accuracy, precision, specificity, selectivity, stability of the analyte and dilutional linearity.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This immunoassay was specific, sensitive, accurate and precise in a dynamic range from 7.81 to 500 ng/mL and from 15.63 to 500 ng/mL for mice and rabbits, respectively. This method was successfully applied to PK studies of NEAST after intravenous administration.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results obtained are the expected for a robust ELISA used for macromolecule analysis. Since NEAST is an equine F(ab′)2, this inmunoassay would serve for the evaluation of the PK profile of any biological product based on molecules with similar characteristics. This immunoassay may be useful for current and in future preclinical trials conducted for registration purposes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132695667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meet the Editorial Board Member","authors":"S. Dutertre","doi":"10.2174/266612170201220704141554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/266612170201220704141554","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:sec>\u0000<jats:title />\u0000<jats:p />\u0000</jats:sec>","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116475169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Enterotoxin Genes in Bacillus species Isolated from Cassava Processing Environment in Nigeria.","authors":"N. Torimiro, O. B. Daramola, Richard K OMOLE, Ifeyimika Z. Adesina","doi":"10.2174/2666121702666220112101938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121702666220112101938","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The health challenges associated with cassava products as a common staple food for approximately 70% of Africans and part of Asia pose a looming danger due to Bacillus enterotoxins’ presence in the processing environment.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study investigated the presence of enterotoxigenic genes namely, Bacillus cereus enterotoxin T (bceT), hemolysin bl (hblC, hblD) and non-haemolytic enterotoxin (nheA, nheB and nheC) from Bacillus species isolated from soil of cassava processing environment.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Soil samples from 20 cassava processing sites in Ile-Ife and Modakeke, Nigeria were collected and cultured on Nutrient agar at 37 ºC for 24 hours. Colonies phenotypically identified as Bacillus were identified using Bacillus-specific 16S rRNA-targeted PCR technique. Screened Bacillus spp were assessed for the presence of enterotoxigenic genes using PCR with previously reported primers.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A total of 100 Bacillus isolates were selected from this study with Bacillus macerans (33 %) showing the highest frequency of occurrence among the identified species, however, 74 isolates were molecularly confirmed as Bacillus. Amongst the 74 molecularly confirmed Bacillus isolates, 28 (37.84%), 35 (47.30 %) and 37 (50 %) has nhe, hbl and bceT genes respectively. Investigation showed that 42 (56.76 %) of the Bacillus species encoded at least one of the screened enterotoxin genes.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The presence of these 3 sets of enterotoxin genes in Bacillus isolated from cassava processing sites calls for immediate attention as they could be pivotal in the release of toxins in cassava products, cause lethal effects via consumption. This study demonstrates the possibility of foodborne disease outbreaks in Bacillus toxin-laden cassava products processed under unhygienic conditions.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123723833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}