International Journal of Automation Technology最新文献

{"title":"Special Issue on Advanced Metal Cutting Technologies","authors":"Hiroyuki Sasahara, Takashi Matsumura","doi":"10.20965/ijat.2024.p0331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2024.p0331","url":null,"abstract":"Cutting technologies are utilized in many industrial sectors, such as automobile, aircraft, and medical-device manufacturing as well as dies and molds. Thus, the requirements for higher geometric accuracy, better surface integrity, and longer component service lifetimes have substantially increased. In addition, maintaining high machining efficiency while simultaneously reducing power consumption and CO2 emissions during machining is important for sustainable development.\u0000 This special issue features 11 papers on the most recent advances in cutting technologies for metals and composite materials.\u0000 - Reverse finishing characteristics of drilling surfaces\u0000 - Machining error simulation for end milling\u0000 - Visualization of cutting phenomena using a single-crystal diamond tool\u0000 - Milling of TiB2 particle-reinforced high-modulus steel\u0000 - Electrodischarge-assisted turning of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers\u0000 - Suppression of chatter vibration during double-insert turning\u0000 - Prediction of surface roughness components during turning\u0000 - Microtome blades for high-precision tissue sectioning\u0000 - Boiling of coolant near the cutting edge in high-speed machining\u0000 - Residual stress during drilling of aluminum alloy\u0000 - Effect of strain hardening on burr control during drilling\u0000 This issue provides an understanding of recent developments in cutting technologies, aiming to inspire further research in this field.\u0000 We deeply appreciate the careful work of all the authors and thank the reviewers for their diligent efforts.","PeriodicalId":43716,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141011294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Durability Test of Microtome Blades with the High-Precision Tissue-Sectioning Machine","authors":"Hirotaka Satoh, Keito Nakamae, Takehiro Sasaki, Hiroshi Nanjo, R. Nakamura, T. Kusumi, Y. Akagami, Masahiko Yoshino","doi":"10.20965/ijat.2024.p0390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2024.p0390","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the durability of microtome blades, used for sectioning paraffin blocks, was evaluated with the goal of improving the quality of sections in pathology tests. First, for the durability test of microtome blades, a sectioning test device that realizes stable sectioning operations was developed. This device comprised precise stages supported by cross-roller guides, achieving sufficient rigidness. This device allowed automated repetitive sectioning and simultaneously measured the principal and thrust cutting forces. Samples embedding porcine kidney and rib tissues were used for the durability test. Two types of blades with different blade edge angles were used. Additionally, the rake face and cross-section of blades, as well as H&E-stained sections, were observed. In the durability test with porcine kidney tissue, good quality sections were obtained even after 100 times of sectioning with both microtome blades, showing sufficient durability. However, in sectioning porcine rib tissue, the microtome blade with a large blade edge angle produced good-quality sections in the initial phase of the durability test; however, defects such as overlapping of folds were observed after 100 times of sectioning. Meanwhile, the microtome blade with a small blade edge angle experienced blade damage from the early phase of the durability test, resulting in the production of unsuitable preparations for pathology tests. These results indicated that the microtome blade with a small blade edge angle lacked durability against hard tissues such as porcine ribs.","PeriodicalId":43716,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141011980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral Half-Box Image Filtering","authors":"Miku Fukatsu, Shin Yoshizawa, Hiroshi Takemura, Hideo Yokota","doi":"10.20965/ijat.2024.p0427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2024.p0427","url":null,"abstract":"Because edge-aware filtering has been widely used for image-based automation technologies, developing a practical, fast algorithm for its use is important. This letter proposes a simple and fast computational method for edge-aware image filtering based on bilateral half-box regions. Our filter consists of a weighted average of only eight color sums within each half-box region adjacent to a given pixel, where the tonal weights are similar to those obtained with bilateral filtering. The eight sums are efficiently obtained by a single fast box filter using the relative coordinate relationship between the pixel and each half-box center. We examined the performance of our filter based on comparisons with conventional methods.","PeriodicalId":43716,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141012710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Machined Accuracy Under a Constant Feed Speed Vector at the End-Milling Point by Estimating Machining Force in Tool Approach","authors":"Takamaru Suzuki, T. Hirogaki, E. Aoyama","doi":"10.20965/ijat.2024.p0444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2024.p0444","url":null,"abstract":"A five-axis machining center (5MC) is capable of synchronous control, which makes it a feasible tool for quickly and accurately machining complicated three-dimensional surfaces, such as propellers and hypoid gears. Recently, the necessity of improving both the machined shape accuracy and the machined surface roughness of free-form surfaces is growing. Therefore, in our previous study, we aimed to maintain the feed speed vector at the end-milling point by controlling two linear axes and a rotary axis of the 5MC to improve the quality of the machined surface. Additionally, we developed a method for maintaining the feed speed vector at the end-milling point by controlling the three axes of the 5MC to reduce the shape error of the machined workpieces (referred to as the shape error herein), considering the approach path of the tool determined via calculation. However, a high machining force at the start of the workpiece cutting was observed and the factor contributing to this phenomenon was not determined, although this phenomenon leads to a shape error to a certain degree according to the machining condition. In this study, the main objective is to suggest a method to reduce the machining force at the start of the workpiece cutting and shape error. Hence, we develop a theoretical method to estimate the machining force by using an instantaneous cutting force model, which considers the synchronized motion of two linear axes and a rotary axis of the 5MC. Subsequently, we determine the most suitable approach path of the tool considering the prediction of the machining force. The results of this study indicate that the machining force can be estimated by applying an instantaneous cutting force using the feed per tooth and machining angle, and that both a high machining force at the start of the workpiece cutting and shape error reduction can be realized by using the proposed approach path of the tool.","PeriodicalId":43716,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141012495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Strain Hardening on Burr Control in Drilling of Austenitic Stainless Steel","authors":"Shoichi Tamura, Kota Okamura, Daisuke Uetake, Takashi Matsumura","doi":"10.20965/ijat.2024.p0417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2024.p0417","url":null,"abstract":"Austenitic stainless steel has been widely used in various industries, such as aerospace, medical, and hydrogen energy, due to its high strength over a wide range of temperatures, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, stainless steel is a difficult-to-cut metal because its ductility and low thermal conductivity induce a strain hardening with significant plastic deformation at high temperatures. Burr formed at the back side of a plate is a critical issue which deteriorates the surface quality, especially in drilling. Burr removal operation, therefore, should be done in the machine shop. This study discusses the effect of strain hardening of austenitic stainless steel, SUS 316L, on burr formation. Hardness and cutting tests were conducted to compare the strain hardening effect for three types of workpieces: as-received, pre-machined, and tensile treated specimens. In the employed specimens, the tensile treated specimen is harder than the as-received specimen. Those specimens have uniform hardness in the depth direction from surfaces. Pre-machined specimen, in which the back side of the plate was finished by face milling, has a distribution of hardness in the depth direction from a surface. The highest hardness appears in the subsurface of the pre-machined specimen. The cutting forces in the steady processes, in which the entire edges remove material, were nearly the same as the tested specimens each other. However, remarkable differences were confirmed in the chip thickness and burr formation. The higher strain hardening of the tensile treated specimen is effective to suppress burr formation. The cutting characteristics are then identified to associate burr control with the shear plane model of orthogonal cutting using an energy-based force model. The shear stresses, shear angles, and friction angles of the tensile treated and as-received specimens are compared to discuss the effect of strain hardening on reduction of burr formation.","PeriodicalId":43716,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141011952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical Method for Identifying Model Parameters for Machining Error Simulation in End Milling Through Sensor-Less Monitoring and On-Machine Measurement","authors":"Kazuki Kaneko, Arisa Kudo, Takanori Waizumi, J. Shimizu, Li-bo Zhou, Hirotaka Ojima, T. Onuki","doi":"10.20965/ijat.2024.p0342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2024.p0342","url":null,"abstract":"Depending on cutting conditions, unacceptable machining errors are caused by tool deflection in end milling operations. Many studies have proposed methods for predicting the machining error owing to the tool deflection to achieve the theoretical optimization of the cutting conditions. However, the conventional machining error simulation is not practically utilized to determine the optimal cutting conditions. Tool system stiffness parameters and cutting coefficients must be identified in advance to simulate machining errors. However, dynamometers and displacement sensors are required for parameter identification. Therefore, it is impossible to identify the required parameters in typical factories, which do not possess such special equipment. In this study, a practical method was developed to identify the stiffness parameters that can be determined in factories. The proposed method employs on-machine measurement and sensor-less cutting force monitoring to achieve practical parameter identification. In the proposed method, the profile milling is first conducted. During the milling operation, the cutting force and cutting torque are monitored through a controller based on the sensor-less monitoring technique. After the operation, the machining error distribution on the machined surface is measured on machine using a touch probe. The required parameters are identified by minimizing the differences between the measured and theoretical forces, torques, and machining error distributions.","PeriodicalId":43716,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141012969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Radial Directional Vibration-Assisted Ductile-Mode Grinding of Al2O3 Ceramics","authors":"Kenichiro Imai","doi":"10.20965/ijat.2024.p0198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2024.p0198","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a machining method that uses ultrasonic vibration in the radial direction of the grinding wheel. This method is expected to suppress machining heat because the wheel and workpiece are in intermittent contact with each other. The abrasive grains on the working surface of the wheel act dynamically in the direction of cutting into the workpiece. In this paper, the constant-load grinding of Al2O3 ceramics, a hard and brittle material, was performed. Ductile-mode surfaces were more easily obtained when vibration support was used. The standard deviation of the brightness distribution of the ground surface can be used to evaluate the ductile-mode surface. In this study, the value was less than 16. The results of the measurement of tangential/normal grinding force ratio and the rear-surface temperature of the workpiece confirmed that the values were higher when ductile-mode machining was performed, compared with brittle-mode machining. Furthermore, a vibration-assisted removal model was used to discuss the results of the ductile-mode surfaces, which were more easily obtained when vibration-assisted machining was used.","PeriodicalId":43716,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140264296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Drilling Holes in CFRP for Aircraft Using cBN Electroplated Ball End Mill Using Helical Interpolation Motion","authors":"Sora Hamamoto, T. Hirogaki, E. Aoyama, K. Fujiwara, Masashi Taketani","doi":"10.20965/ijat.2024.p0169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2024.p0169","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is a lightweight material with exceptional mechanical properties such as high specific strength, high specific modulus, and retained fatigue strength. It exhibits outstanding characteristics derived from its carbon content such as electrical conductivity, low thermal expansion, chemical stability, and high thermal conductivity. These unique features make CFRP a highly versatile material. It can be extensively used across various industries, offering advantages over steel, aluminum, and glass fiber reinforced plastic. Moreover, its anisotropic nature allows for innovative design possibilities, providing different mechanical properties for different fiber orientations. The increasing demand for CFRPs, particularly in the aerospace and automotive industries, is attributed to their high reliability and design flexibility. Consequently, the requirement for efficient and high-quality CFRP processing techniques has led to numerous studies focusing on trimming and hole drilling of CFRP parts. Previous research has also highlighted the significant impact of processing temperature on the quality of CFRP and other fiber reinforced plastics, such as aramid fiber reinforced plastic. However, many existing reports are limited to specific processes such as trimming or hole drilling, without addressing broader concerns such as tool wear, burrs, fiber damage owing to heat, or the lack of multi-purpose cutting tools suitable for CFRP when considering tool costs. In addition, the aerospace industry demands precise hole drilling for thousands of holes, facilitating assembly with rivets or screws; this requires high-precision hole drilling processes. To address CFRP hole drilling challenges, this study proposes and develops a cBN electroplated ball end mill to enable an efficient and high-quality hole drilling in CFRPs. As machining demands evolve with diverse workpiece materials, technological innovations are continuously being sought in hole drilling processes, exploring alternatives beyond conventional drilling such as employing end mills and enhancing tool functionality. In this study, we employed a ball end mill and helical interpolation motion to tackle CFRP hole drilling. The delamination occurring at the exit side of the drilled holes was investigated using strain gauges. Additionally, finite element analysis was employed to compare and analyze experimental results, leading to guidelines for an efficient and high-quality hole-drilling approach that balances productivity and workpiece integrity. We achieved high-efficiency hole drilling while maintaining the quality by adjusting the cutting parameters under conditions that prevent delamination. The proposed cBN electroplated ball end mill offers promising potential for advancing CFRP processing methods, addressing the growing demand for this exceptional material in various applications.","PeriodicalId":43716,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140078641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Evaluation of Drill Wear Using Tool Image Captured on Machining Center","authors":"Tatsuya Furuki, Tomoki Nagai, Koichi Nishigaki, Takashi Suda, Hiroyuki Kousaka","doi":"10.20965/ijat.2024.p0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2024.p0181","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the rise in demand for electric devices, there has been an increase in the need for manufacturing equipment that produces internal control board parts. To operate this machinery, several ceramic components, such as a chuck table and fastening parts, are required. Consequently, the need for efficiently and precisely machining ceramics has increased. However, ceramics are known for their high hardness, which can lead to tool breakage when using a small tool. This is often influenced by the state of the tool wear. If the drill tip breaks off and becomes embedded in the workpiece, it could take time to remove or destroy the workpiece. To prevent such problems, drills are replaced after a certain number of machining processes, or the operator visually inspects the drill’s wear condition. Unfortunately, these methods reduce machining efficiency. Therefore, we propose a device that captures drill images on a machine tool and measures the amount of drill wear to evaluate the drill’s condition. We fabricated a device to acquire drill images and attempted to quantify the drill wear condition, such as the area and width of the worn part, by analyzing the worn shape from an image of the bottom surface of the drill.","PeriodicalId":43716,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140265303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic Characterization of WEDM Single Craters Through AI Based Object Detection","authors":"Eduardo Gonzalez-Sanchez, Davide Saccardo, P. Esteves, M. Kuffa, Konrad Wegener","doi":"10.20965/ijat.2024.p0265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2024.p0265","url":null,"abstract":"Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a process that removes material from conductive workpieces by using sequential electrical discharges. The morphology of the craters formed by these discharges is influenced by various process parameters and affects the quality and efficiency of the machining. To understand and optimize the WEDM process, it is essential to identify and characterize single craters from microscopy images. However, manual labeling of craters is tedious and prone to errors. This paper presents a novel approach to detect and segment single craters using state-of-the-art computer vision techniques. The YOLOv8 model, a convolutional neural network-based object detection technique, is fine-tuned on a custom dataset of WEDM craters to locate and enclose them with tight bounding boxes. The segment anything model, a vision transformer-based instance segmentation technique, is applied to the cropped images of individual craters to delineate their shape and size. Geometric analysis of the segmented craters reveals significant variations in their contour and area depending on the energy setting, while the wire diameter has minimal influence.","PeriodicalId":43716,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automation Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140079174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}