War & Society最新文献

{"title":"Effectiveness of tocilizumab in hospitalized moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients: a real-life study.","authors":"Emanuele Vivarelli, Andrea Matucci, Ersilia Lucenteforte, Susanna Bormioli, Gianni Virgili, Michele Trotta, Michele Spinicci, Alessandro Bartoloni, Lorenzo Zammarchi, Adriano Peris, Filippo Pieralli, Federico Lavorini, Paolo Fontanari, Alessandro Morettini, Carlo Nozzoli, Loredana Poggesi, Oliviero Rossi, Francesco Annunziato, Fabio Almerigogna, Alessandra Vultaggio","doi":"10.23736/S0031-0808.21.04523-7","DOIUrl":"10.23736/S0031-0808.21.04523-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To assess the clinical effectiveness of Tocilizumab (TCZ) in moderate-to-severe hospitalized COVID-19 patients and factors associated with clinical response.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five hundred eight inpatients with moderate-to-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. TCZ effect in addition to standard medical therapy was evaluated in terms of death during hospital stay. Unadjusted and adjusted risk of mortality for TCZ treated patients versus TCZ untreated ones was estimated using robust Cox regression model. We considered the combination of TCZ and ICU as time-dependent exposure and created a model using duplication method to assess the TCZ effect in very severe COVID-19 patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TCZ reduced death during hospital stay in the unadjusted model (HR 0.54, 95%CI 0.33-0.88) and also in the adjusted model, although with loss of statistical significance (HR 0.72, 0.43-1.20). Better effectiveness was observed in patients with low SpO2/FiO2 ratio (HR 0.35, 0.21-0.61 vs. 1.61, 0.54-4.82, P<0.05), and, without statistical significance, in patients with high CRP (HR 0.51, 0.30-0.87 vs. 0.41, 0.12-1.37, P=NS) and high IL-6 (HR 0.49, 0.29-0.82 vs. 1.00, 0.28-3.55, P=NS). TCZ was effective in patients not admitted to ICU, both in the unadjusted (HR 0.33, 0.14-0.74) and in the adjusted (HR 0.39, 0.17-0.91) model but no benefit was observed in critical ICU-admitted patients both in the unadjusted (HR 0.66, 0.37-1.15) and in the adjusted model (HR 0.95, 0.54-1.68).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our real-life study suggests clinical efficacy of TCZ in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients but not in end-stage disease. Thus, to enhance TCZ effectiveness, patients should be selected before grave compromise of clinical conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"33 1","pages":"473-478"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88094432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agencies, temporalities, and spatialities in Hiroshima’s post-war reconstruction: a case of reflexive peacebuilding in the Anthropocene?","authors":"Dahlia Simangan","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2023.2273033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2273033","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis article revisits the case of Hiroshima’s post-war reconstruction using the lens of reflexive peacebuilding. Reflexive peacebuilding is a set of practices that align peacebuilding efforts with the notions of agency, time, and space, as problematised within the critical discourse on the Anthropocene. For this study, a review of relevant policies and initiatives following the bombing reveals how agencies, temporalities, and spatialities in Hiroshima’s post-war reconstruction generate interweaving and sometimes contesting peace narratives. Hiroshima’s experience in responding to the needs of the survivors, accommodating future generations, and using spaces for peace promotion offer insights into the blurred agency, uncertain times, and porous spaces of Anthropocene imaginaries.Keywords: Post-war reconstructionpeacebuildingreflexive peacebuildingAnthropoceneHiroshima AcknowledgementsI am grateful to the editorial team of War & Society and the anonymous reviewers for their comments on the earlier version of this paper. I also wish to acknowledge the research assistance of Kazuma Sugano for the selection and translation of relevant documents used in the analysis of this paper.Disclosure statementThe authors declare there is no conflict of interest in this study.Notes1 Colin N. Waters et al., ‘Can Nuclear Weapons Fallout Mark the Beginning of the Anthropocene Epoch?’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 71, no. 3 (2015), 46–57.2 John S. Dryzek and Jonathan Pickering, The Politics of the Anthropocene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).3 Dahlia Simangan, ‘Reflexive Peacebuilding: Lessons from the Anthropocene Discourse’, Global Society 35, no. 4 (2021), 479–500.4 UN, ‘An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping’, 31 January 1992, para. 57, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/145749?ln=en [accessed 19 May 1923].5 Several indigenous studies scholars have emphasised the experiences of societies and communities subjected to colonialism, slavery, and imperialism in dealing with the loss of life, land, and relationships. These experiences are exacerbated by global environmental change and left unaddressed by the power asymmetries underpinning the global politics of climate action: Heather Davis and Zoe Todd, ‘On the Importance of a Date, Or, Decolonizing the Anthropocene’, ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 16, no. 4 (2017), 761–80; Audra Mitchell, ‘Beyond Biodiversity and Species: Problematizing Extinction’, Theory, Culture & Society 33, no. 5 (2016), 23–42; Kyle P. Whyte, ‘Indigenous Science (Fiction) for the Anthropocene: Ancestral Dystopias and Fantasies of Climate Change Crises’, Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 1, no. 1–2 (2018), 224–42.6 Simon Dalby, ‘Framing the Anthropocene: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly’, The Anthropocene Review 3, no. 1 (2016), 33–51.7 The policy review conducted for this paper is limited to publicly available documents that summarise the policies and init","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135113559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalies in Collective Victimhood in Post-War Japan: ‘Hiroshima’ As a Victimisation Symbol for the Collective National Memory of War","authors":"Yuji Uesugi","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2023.2273034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2273034","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractIn the aftermath of war, people need visions that (re)unite them and overcome the psychological wounds they have incurred. The post-war Japanese needed narratives that could help them to rebuild their war-torn self-image. They subscribed to a story of Hiroshima being the first city to be demolished by an atomic bomb. Through this, Hiroshima became a national symbol, and the Japanese regarded themselves as victims of war, which effectively overrode their sense of shame and of responsibility for the war. As this process was aimed internally to serve as the backbone of post-war recovery, it did not turn the Japanese against the United States, and thus Japanese collective victimhood includes the following three anomalies: first, the absence of an enemy; second, a lack of aggressiveness; and third, the irrelevance of recovery. This article, therefore, challenges the existing theory of collective victimhood using the case of post-war Japan.Keywords: collective victimhoodHiroshimawar memoryreconciliationatomic bomb Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Daniel Bar-Tal, Lily Chernyak-Hai, Noa Schori, and Ayelet Gundar, ‘A Sense of Self-Perceived Collective Victimhood in Intractable Conflicts’, International Review of the Red Cross 91, no. 874 (2009), 229.2 Ibid., 246.3 Ibid., 230.4 Ibid.5 Kiichi Fujiwara, Sensowokiokusuru: Hiroshima horokosuto to genzai [Remembering War: Hiroshima, Holocaust and Present] (Tokyo: Koudansha, 2001), 22.6 Herbert C. Kelman, ‘The Beginnings of Peace Psychology: A Personal Account’, Peace Psychology, Fall/Winter (2009), 15–18.7 Bar-Tal et al., 229–58.8 Joseph V. Montville, ‘The Psychological Roots of Ethnic and Sectarian Terrorism’ in Joseph V. Montville, Vamik D. Volkan and Demetrios A. Julius The Psychodynamics of International Relationships, Vol. 1, ed. Joseph V. Montville, Vamik D. Volkan, and Demetrios A. Julius (Pennsylvania: Lexington Books, 1990), 168.9 Joseph V. Montville, ‘Psychoanalytic Enlightenment and the Greening of Diplomacy’, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 37, no. 2 (1989), 297–318.10 Sam Garkawe, ‘Revisiting the Scope of Victimology: How Broad a Discipline Should It Be?’ International Review of Victimology 11 (2004), 286–87.11 Ibid.12 James E. Bayley, ‘The Concept of Victimhood’ in To Be a Victim: Encounters with Crime and Justice, ed. Diane Sank and David Caplan (New York: Insight Books, 1991), 60.13 Bar-Tal et al., 239.14 Ibid., 253.15 Nyla R. Branscombe, ‘A Social Psychological Process Perspective on Collective Guilt’, in Collective Guilt: International Perspectives, ed. Nyla Branscombe and Bertjan Doosje (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 320–34.16 John C. Turner, ‘Some Current Issues in Research on Social Identity and Self-Categorization Theories’, in Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content, ed. Naomi Ellemers, Russell Spears, and Bertjan Dosje (Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 1999), 6–34.17 Daniel Bar-Tal, Shared B","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135268369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Southern Irish Loyalists Relief Association and Irish Ex-Servicemen of the First World War, 1922–1932","authors":"B. Hughes","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2023.2245255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2245255","url":null,"abstract":"In 1925, the Southern Irish Loyalists Relief Association (SILRA), originally founded for the relief of southern Irish loyalist refugees in Britain, created a fund for ex-servicemen resident in the Irish Free State (IFS). Populated primarily from among the ‘diehard’ right of the British Conservative Party, SILRA’s charitable work was inevitably influenced by the world view of its membership and their audience. But it also had a Dublin sub-committee that operated in very different circumstances in the IFS. This study of SILRA’s efforts to provide welfare to southern Irish veterans of the First World War highlights the extent to which conditions in Ireland – real or perceived – continued to animate British Conservatives long after the Irish Revolution (1916–23). It also adds to the growing literature on ex-servicemen in post-revolutionary Ireland through the lens of SILRA’s lobbying and fundraising.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"42 1","pages":"349 - 365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41971085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Military welfare history: what is it and why should it be considered?","authors":"P. Huddie, A. Carney","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2023.2245252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2245252","url":null,"abstract":"Military welfare is a major yet abstract sub-field of warfare studies and warfare history, which interrogates the multitude of welfare, care, medical provisions and social policies that have existed at different times and within different social and political spaces relative to and for the benefit of armed forces personnel and their families or dependents. As a scholarly project military welfare history is both well developed and still evolving. It comprises a substantive community of scholars who have produced a robust body of literature. Yet, despite all of the scholarship that has existed since the 1960s, and more especially since the 1990s, military welfare history remains estranged from mainstream warfare history. Thus, it is the purpose of this special edition to encourage transformation in three ways: firstly, by highlighting or reacquainting a cross-section of scholars with the existence of this diverse but exclusive sub-field of warfare and welfare history that has existed as long as warfare itself; secondly, by highlighting the diversity of recent and current scholarship in this sub-field, and thirdly, by highlighting the existence of an academic network that has the explicit purpose of bringing together scholars in this diverse sub-field.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"50 1","pages":"305 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91262640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paying the Debts of the ‘Economy of Sacrifice’: Military Charities as Brokers in Veteran Care, 1919–1929","authors":"E. O'keeffe","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2023.2245254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2245254","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the hitherto overlooked contribution of military charities to veteran welfare and reintegration after the First World War. I use the records of the King’s Own Scottish Borderers Association War Memorial Fund (KOSB WMF), which operated similarly to other regimental charities, to argue that the scale of this apparatus – its social reach and its funding capacity – may be comparable to the better-known and nationally recognised British Legion. It thus represents an important arena to examine processes that informed veteran reintegration, especially for the wider, non-disabled veteran population whose experiences have been largely omitted from histories of veteran welfare. These archives not only demonstrate the interventions of military associational life in veteran welfare. They also provide an entry point to examine how the system worked holistically. Military charities, like the KOSB WMF, represented one of a range of agencies that cooperated to support veterans in the ‘mixed economy of welfare’. Their bureaucratic archival traces provide a productive route to illuminate the relationships behind fund allocation and delivery and to assess what politics animated these processes.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"42 1","pages":"332 - 348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42066312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Military welfare history in the classroom: converting research passions into lesson plans","authors":"Laura McEnaney","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2023.2245257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2245257","url":null,"abstract":"Military welfare history as a scholarly project is both well developed and still evolving. We now have a substantive community of scholars who have produced a robust body of literature. But what about the teaching project? How can we ‘translate’ military welfare scholarship into lesson plans? How can we share scholarly findings and questions with new generations of students – and, indeed, with public audiences of all kinds? This article reflects on military welfare history as a pedagogy project, offering some reflections on how we can rethink our approaches to teaching academic research in our classrooms – wherever they may be.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"42 1","pages":"381 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44315898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Framing War Disability through Masculinity: The Disabled Soldiers of the First World War in Portugal","authors":"S. Correia","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2023.2245253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2245253","url":null,"abstract":"The First World War deployed means of combat that brought about devastating effects on the minds and bodies of the men who fought it. In keeping with the sources available for the study of Portuguese soldiers, this article aims to explore the ways in which war disabilities were perceived and represented within the post-war context, stemming from the hegemonic discourses of masculinity. Overlapping masculinity and disability, I show how the ideals of the former (preceding the conflict and being mobilised by it) were subsequently invoked by disabled Portuguese veterans in their public demands for recognition. I also demonstrate the continuity of pre-war cultural representations of masculinity and disability despite the deep impacts inflicted by the conflict on the men and Portuguese society.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"42 1","pages":"317 - 331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44010508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soldiers of a forgotten empire: American memory and the battle for Filipino veterans’ benefits","authors":"C. Moore","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2023.2245256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2245256","url":null,"abstract":"More than a quarter million Filipino soldiers fought under American command during the Second World War, but the US Congress declared in 1946 that the vast majority would be ineligible to receive benefits under the GI Bill, a landmark piece of social legislation that provided financial and educational assistance to most veterans of the war. This article examines the contested politics of denying these benefits to veterans of the Philippine Commonwealth Army. It demonstrates how the US Federal Government’s efforts to suppress its imperial past shaped military welfare policy in the post-war era.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"42 1","pages":"366 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43081297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting British–India’s Military Historiography","authors":"K. Roy","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2023.2223837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2023.2223837","url":null,"abstract":"The British-officered Indian Army (colonial Indian Army/Sepoy Army) was the principal pillar of the British Empire in India. This force constituted the main item of expenditure in the state budget. Modern historical writing on the Indian colonial armed forces started in the 1970s. This survey is organised along four interrelated themes of war and the British–Indian state, British–Indian armed forces and Indian society, warfare and British-India’s military culture, and finally the British–Indian military as a combat organisation. It charts the trends and shifts in historical writings in the field of British-era Indian militaries.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":"42 1","pages":"283 - 303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44710485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}