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Examination of Wires for the Manufacture of Tempered Bolts 钢化螺栓制造用钢丝的检验
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001259
F. Naumann, F. Spies
{"title":"Examination of Wires for the Manufacture of Tempered Bolts","authors":"F. Naumann, F. Spies","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001259","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A bolt manufacturer observed that products made from certain shipments of steel 41 Cr4 wire were prone to the formation of quench cracks in their rolled threads. The affected wire was tested and found to be highly sensitive to overheating because of the metallurgical method by which it was produced. A stronger decarburization of the case was a contributing factor that could not be prevented by working because the thread was rolled. Hardening tests conducted by the bolt manufacturer showed that quench cracks did not occur in specimens that were turned down before hardening and when notches were machined instead of beaten with a chisel.","PeriodicalId":436305,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124379143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fracture of a 1040 Steel Fan Shaft Resulting From Use of an Improper Material 1040钢风机轴因材料使用不当而断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0047850
{"title":"Fracture of a 1040 Steel Fan Shaft Resulting From Use of an Improper Material","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0047850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0047850","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The fan drive support shaft, specified to be made of cold-drawn 1040 to 1045 steel, fractured after 2240 miles of service. It was revealed by visual examination of the shaft that the fracture had initiated near the fillet at an abrupt change in shaft diameter. The cracks originated at two locations approximately 180 deg apart on the outer surface of the shaft and propagated toward the center. Features typical of reversed-bending fatigue were exhibited by the fracture. A tensile specimen was machined from the center of the shaft and it indicated much lower yield strength (369 MPa) than specified. It was disclosed by metallographic examination that the microstructure was predominantly equiaxed ferrite and pearlite which indicated that the material was in either the hot-worked or normalized condition. An improvement of fatigue strength of the shaft by the development of a quenched-and-tempered microstructure was recommended.","PeriodicalId":436305,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134001971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stress Corrosion Cracking Associated with Design Feature 与设计特征相关的应力腐蚀开裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001423
{"title":"Stress Corrosion Cracking Associated with Design Feature","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001423","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Five cylinders out of a group of nine in a drying machine developed leaks after a few months service in a textile mill. Leakage was reported from locations between the hoop and body and from the circumferential welds. The materials in the affected area were 18/8 Ti and 18/10/3/Mo austenitic stainless steels. Examination of the cracks at high magnification revealed them to be of the stress-corrosion type. The welds were of satisfactory quality. Cracking was also visible at these locations, this again being of the stress corrosion type. The method of cylinder construction introduced a crevice between the outer hoop and the cylinder at the inboard edge so that during washing of the rolls, water could penetrate the crevice and subsequent heating would lead to the concentration of chlorides within the crevice. Redesign of the cylinder to eliminate the crevice was recommended.","PeriodicalId":436305,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133537405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of Alloy Selection and Part Design on Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Formed Silicon Bronze in Marine-Air Atmosphere 合金选择和零件设计对成形硅青铜在海洋-空气环境中应力腐蚀开裂的影响
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0091538
{"title":"Effect of Alloy Selection and Part Design on Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Formed Silicon Bronze in Marine-Air Atmosphere","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0091538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0091538","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical contact-finger retainers blanked and formed from annealed copper alloy C65500 (high-silicon bronze A) failed prematurely by cracking while in service in switchgear aboard seagoing vessels. In this service they were sheltered from the weather but subject to indirect exposure to the sea air. About 50% of the contact-finger retainers failed after five to eight months of service aboard ship. Investigation (visual inspection, 250x images etched with equal parts NH4OH and H2O2, emission spectrographic analysis, and stereoscopic views) supported the conclusion that the cracking was produced by stress corrosion as the combined result of: residual forming and service stresses; the concentration of tensile stress at outer square corners of the pierced slots; and preferential corrosive attack along the grain boundaries as a result of high humidity and occasional condensation of moisture containing a fairly high concentration of chlorides (seawater typically contains about 19,000 ppm of dissolved chlorides) and traces of ammonia. Recommendations included redesign of the slots, shot-blasting the formed retainers, and changing the material to a different type of silicon bronze-copper alloy C64700.","PeriodicalId":436305,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126253074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Premature Failure of a Deburring Drum Initiated by Fatigue at a Stress Concentration Caused by a Sharp Corner at a Bolt Hole 螺栓孔尖角引起的应力集中疲劳导致去毛刺鼓过早失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0047234
{"title":"Premature Failure of a Deburring Drum Initiated by Fatigue at a Stress Concentration Caused by a Sharp Corner at a Bolt Hole","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0047234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0047234","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Several deburring drums that fractured were filled with abrasive, water, and small parts, such as roller bearing rollers, and rotated on their axis at 36 rpm. Cracks were discovered very early in the service lives of these high-chromium white iron cast structures. All of the fractures were through bolt holes in the mounting flange. The holes had a sharp edge and exhibited uneven wear on the inside diameter. In operation, the mounting bolts were frequently found to be loose and in at least one case broken off. A 25x scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractograph from near this fracture-initiation area showed fatigue striations. No casting or metallurgical structural defects were found that could explain the failures. This evidence supports the conclusion that cracking was a result of the stress-concentration site at the bolt holes where a fatigue-initiated fracture occurred. Recommendations included that the radii be increased at the sharp corners and that lock-wiring be used to secure against bolt loosening.","PeriodicalId":436305,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws","volume":"51 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116799360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure Analysis Leading to Improved Materials Selection for Precipitator Wires in a Basic Oxygen Furnace 基于失效分析的碱性氧炉除尘器丝材选材改进
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0065826
G. V. Vander Voort
{"title":"Failure Analysis Leading to Improved Materials Selection for Precipitator Wires in a Basic Oxygen Furnace","authors":"G. V. Vander Voort","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0065826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0065826","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The wires used in a wet precipitator for cleaning the gases coming off a basic oxygen furnace failed. The system consisted of six precipitators, three separate dual units, each composed of four zones. Each zone contained rows of wires (cold drawn AISI 1008 carbon steel) suspended between parallel collector plates. It was determined that the 1008 wires failed because of corrosion fatigue. It was decided to replace all of the wires in the two zones with the highest rates of failure with cold-drawn type 304 austenitic stainless steel wire. These expensive wires, however, failed after a week by transgranular SCC. Annealed type 430 ferritic stainless steel was subsequently suggested to prevent further failures.","PeriodicalId":436305,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128248844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Aerial Plant Fuses 航空植物引信的应力腐蚀开裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0006898
{"title":"Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Aerial Plant Fuses","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0006898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0006898","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Several fuses made of nickel silver (57 to 61% Cu, 11 to 13% Ni, bal Zn) exposed to air containing ammonium and nitrate ions failed by SCC. Test solutions of 1 N ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and a 1:1 mixture of 1 N sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and 1 N calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3) 2) were prepared. In addition, stressed fuses made of nickel silver and of cupro-nickel (80Cu-20Ni) were exposed to a drop of corrosive solution in the stressed area. All nickel silver specimens failed after two days of exposure to NH4NO3 solution. However, 17% of them failed and 67% showed crack initiation but no failure after 42 days of exposure to NaNO3 + Ca(NO3)2 solution. None of the cupro-nickel specimens failed, but among those exposed to NH4NO3, 17% displayed crack initiation and 83% showed partial dealloying after 42 days. Based on the test results, the fuse material was changed from nickel silver to cupro-nickel, solving the SCC problem.","PeriodicalId":436305,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128506999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pump Shaft Failure 泵轴故障
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001689
H. Furtado, I. Le May
{"title":"Pump Shaft Failure","authors":"H. Furtado, I. Le May","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.design.c9001689","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The drive shaft on a centrifugal pump fractured after five months of operation. The fracture occurred at a packing gland inside a sleeve against which the packing material sealed. The shaft and sleeve were of duplex stainless steel. In contrast to a previous conclusion that heating had caused property deterioration resulting in embrittlement and fracture, it was concluded that the shaft must have fractured (most probably by fatigue cracking originating at the change of section) and that heating had then taken place from friction between the rotating input shaft and the remaining part attached to the pump. High temperature was thus a result, not the cause, of the failure.","PeriodicalId":436305,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115879731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fracture of Poppet-Valve Stems Due to Incorrect Material Selection 由于材料选择不正确导致锥阀阀杆断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0047109
{"title":"Fracture of Poppet-Valve Stems Due to Incorrect Material Selection","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0047109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0047109","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A series of poppet-valve stems fabricated from 17-4 PH (AISI type 630) stainless steel failed prematurely in service during the development of a large combustion assembly. The poppet valves were part of a scavenging system that evacuated the assembly after each combustion cycle. The function of the valve is to open and close a port; thus, the valve is subjected to both impact and tensile loading. Analysis (visual inspection, hardness testing, and stress analysis) supported the conclusions that the valve stems were impact loaded to stresses in excess of their yield strength. That they failed in the threaded portion also suggests a stress-concentration effect. Recommendations included changing the material spec to a higher-strength material with greater impact strength. In this case, it was recommended that the stems, despite any possible design changes, be manufactured from an alloy such as PH 13-8Mo, which can be processed to a yield strength of 1379 MPa (200 ksi), with impact energies of the order of 81 J (60 ft·lbf) at room temperature.","PeriodicalId":436305,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126518299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Fracture of Welded Type 321 Stainless Steel Liners for a Bellows-Type Expansion Joint 波纹管式伸缩节用321型不锈钢焊接衬套的疲劳断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0089730
{"title":"Fatigue Fracture of Welded Type 321 Stainless Steel Liners for a Bellows-Type Expansion Joint","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0089730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.design.c0089730","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Stainless steel liners (AISI type 321) used in bellows-type expansion joints in a duct assembly installed in a low-pressure nitrogen gas system failed in service. The duct assembly consisted of two expansion joints connected by a 32 cm (12 in.) OD pipe of ASTM A106 grade B steel. Elbows made of ASTM A234 grade B steel were attached to each end of the assembly, 180 deg apart. A 1.3 mm (0.050 in.) thick liner with an OD of 29 cm (11 in.) was welded inside each joint. The upstream ends were stable, but the downstream ends of the liners remained free, allowing the components to move with the expansion and contraction of the bellows. Investigation (visual inspection, hardness testing, and 30x fractographs) supported the conclusion that the liners failed in fatigue initiated at the intersection of the longitudinal weld forming the liner and the circumferential weld by which it attached to the bellows assembly. Recommendations included increasing the thickness of the liners from 1.3 to 1.9 mm (0.050 to 0.075 in.) in order to damp some of the stress-producing vibrations.","PeriodicalId":436305,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Design Flaws","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128170277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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