2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC)最新文献

{"title":"Understanding the Solar Cell Contacts With Atmospheric Screen-printed Copper","authors":"S. Huneycutt, A. Ebong, K. Ankireddy, R. Dharmadasa, T. Druffel","doi":"10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938719","url":null,"abstract":"Although Cu is very close to Ag in conductivity, there are still some concerns with its high diffusivity into Si. There are two Cu ions of focus; interstitial $(mathbf{cu}_{mathbf{i}}{}^{+})$ and substitutional $(mathbf{Cu}_{mathbf{s}}{}^{+})$, whereby, with regard to Si the fast-diffusing impurity is the interstitial, $mathbf{Cu_{i}}^{+}$. An isolated $mathbf{Cu_{i}}^{+}$ acts as a shallow donor, it reacts with impurities and defects to alter the electrical properties of the material. However, Cu passivates shallow acceptors, forms pairs with various impurities, including itself, and precipitates at defects. Thus, these Cu precipitates become strong electron-hole recombination centers. With regard to n-type Si, the Cu impurity precipitates much easier than in p-type Si, provided that several of the $mathbf{Cu}_{mathbf{i}}^{boldsymbol{+,}}mathbf{S}$ precipitate without trapping an electron. The diffusivity of species in the semiconductor generally depends on the time and temperature, thus, a diffusivity of $boldsymbol{7}mathbf{x}boldsymbol{10^{15}}mathbf{cm}^{boldsymbol{-3}}$ can be inferred for Cu at $boldsymbol{600}^{circ}mathbf{C}$ for 20 minutes. For the atmospheric screen-printed Cu solar cell contacts, the sintering is performed on a PERC wafer with a finger width of 83 $boldsymbol{mu} mathbf{m}$ fired at a peak a temperature of $boldsymbol{593}^{circ}mathbf{C}$ at 325 ipm for approximately 2 seconds; thus, the measured diffusion coefficient would be different. More so, since the paste consists of glass frits and Cu powder, the glass must react first with the $mathbf{SiN}_{mathbf{x}}$ to produce the molten glass which would then react with Cu. Since the reaction time is very short, the Cu will not have enough time to diffuse into the Si before cooling down and subsequent sequestration by the reformed glass. STEM will be used to understand the mechanisms which enable or disable the sequestration of Cu and the associated challenges will be discussed. Additionally, the solar cell electrical output parameters comparing the results of sequestered Cu on PERC Si wafers will be presented.","PeriodicalId":435386,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115856479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of Potential High Limit Estimation for Solar Plants in the Southeast US","authors":"W. Hobbs, David J. Ault, V. Gevorgian, G. Saraswat","doi":"10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938540","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible solar operation, where solar photovoltaic (PV) plants follow up- and down-regulation signals, has signifi-cant potential to improve integration of solar into power grids. To optimize operation, it is important to accurately estimate the potential maximum power output, or potential high limit (PHL), of a plant in real time during periods where output has been reduced. As the PHL cannot be directly measured while a plant is curtailed, and it is driven by highly variable weather and plant conditions, model-based estimation methods are subject to errors. An estimation method using a subset of a plant as a reference has been developed by NREL. Here, we evaluate a version of that method using data from several utility-scale plants in the Southeast US spanning up to a full year.","PeriodicalId":435386,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124496148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of ultrathin Ge template for growth of multijunction solar cells based on wafer-scale porous Ge","authors":"Tadeáš Hanuš, J. Arias‐Zapata, B. Ilahi, P. Provost, Alexandre Chapotot, A. Boucherif","doi":"10.1109/pvsc48317.2022.9938926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pvsc48317.2022.9938926","url":null,"abstract":"Multijunction solar cells (MJSC) currently hold the highest efficiency on the market. However, their widespread in terrestrial applications is getting held back by the high devices cost. A considerable part of the cost mainly comes from the substrate materials such as Ge and GaAs making them nonviable for terrestrial application compared to much cheaper silicon-based solar cells. Consequently, the Ge based MJSC deployment is restrained to niche domains such as spatial applications. Accordingly, the development of nanostructured substrates allowing MJSC detachment and wafer reuse stands out as a promising approach to overcoming these limitations. In this work, we demonstrate the formation of homogenous edge-to-edge porous Ge (PGe) layers on an industry-standard 100 mm wafer-scale produced by bipolar electrochemical etching. The produced nanostructured substrates' properties are easily assessable by production line compatible, fast, and nondestructive techniques such as ellipsometry. The PGe layers have been found to exhibit excellent uniformity over the wafer' surface with a relative variation of 1% in porosity and 2% in thickness. Furthermore, we show that the PGe structural properties can be finely tuned to create on-demand characteristics including the suitability for epitaxial growth. Accordingly, low-temperature growth of ultrathin crystalline Ge layer on top of PGe structure is demonstrated. The fabricated structure has been shown to be compatible with III-V heterostructures growth drawing the way for wafer-scale detachable MJSC and substrate reuse.","PeriodicalId":435386,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114377592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Combined Shading and Radiation Simulation Tool for Defining Agrivoltaic Systems","authors":"Haomiao Wang, Henry J. Williams, X. Bu, K. Max Zhang","doi":"10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938795","url":null,"abstract":"Agrivoltaic systems have the potential to resolve rapidly rising global food and energy challenges by co-locating agriculture and solar photovoltaics (PV). In the United States, Massachusetts created the Solar Massachusetts Renewable Target (SMART) Program to incentivize agrivoltaic development. The program relies on a shading-only simulation tool to differentiate agrivoltaic sites from traditional solar farms. In this paper, we demonstrate that radiation must be considered along with shading to identify land suitable for agricultural activity in agrivoltaic systems. To this end, we present a combined shading and radiation simulation tool and show that percent shade does not singularly determine land available for crop growth. Thus, we recommend the SMART Program update their current method for defining agrivoltaic systems to include radiation modeling.","PeriodicalId":435386,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114645731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perovskite PV Design for Stable Space Operation","authors":"K. VanSant, Ahmad R. Kirmani, J. Patel, L. E. Mundt, D. Ostrowski, Brian M. Wieliczka, Gabriella D. Lahti, M. McGehee, L. Schelhas, J. Luther, T. Peshek, Lyndsey McMillon-Brown","doi":"10.1109/pvsc48317.2022.9938607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pvsc48317.2022.9938607","url":null,"abstract":"Metal halide perovskites are an emerging technology area for photovoltaic (PV) space applications. The goal of our research is to design a perovskite solar cell (PSC) that can exhibit stable performance, when exposed to space-relevant stress conditions. This presentation will focus on the down-selection of both the contact layers and the encapsulation scheme for potentially space-compatible PSCs.","PeriodicalId":435386,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116933787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Deep Learning Approach for PV Failure Mode Detection in Infrared Images: First Insights","authors":"Daniel Rocha, Miguel Lopes, J. Teixeira, P. Fernandes, Modesto Morais, P. Salomé","doi":"10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938524","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale solar power plants require cheap and quick inspections, for this unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV's) for high resolution optical and infrared imaging were introduced in the past years. While using UAV's is fast for image acquisition, image is a time-consuming process where the best of practice today is still for an expert to individually analyze each image. As such, in this work we use computer vision to accelerate this process. We performed an instance segmentation assessment using a pre-trained mask R-CNN for the segmentation of defective modules, and cells, as well as for segmentation and classification of failures. This method was chosen due its good past performance. In this work we created a database from a solar power plant consisting of 42048 modules and an expert analyzed the images. Later on, our computer algorithm results were benchmarked against the expert. Our algorithm achieved a mean average precision (mAP) in defective module segmentation mask of 72.1 % and 47.9 % in segmentation mask of failure type with an intersection over union threshold (IoU) of 0.50, without human interference. The presented preliminary results allow to assess the methodology advantages and drawbacks to increase performance and pave the way to a large-scale study.","PeriodicalId":435386,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116000186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex Refractive Index and Complex Dielectric Function Modeling of Film Stack in Perovskite Solar Cells using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry","authors":"Maria Fernanda Villa Bracamonte, J. R. M. Bojorquez, A. Ayón","doi":"10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938816","url":null,"abstract":"We report a comprehensive single layer modeling approach to investigate the complex refractive index of ITO, PEDOT:PSS, MAPbI3 perovskite film stack deposited on a glass substrate. The optical constants such as refractive index and extinction coefficient as well as the complex dielectric function are studied by spectroscopy ellipsometry, We propose that spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization can be used at the different stages of the fabrication process of each layer to study the mechanisms that impact the final performance of a photovoltaic device.","PeriodicalId":435386,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"604 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116365043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feeder Open-Phase Detection by Smart Inverters","authors":"Yiwei Ma, Xiaojie Shi, A. Huque, R. Bründlinger, Ron Ablinger","doi":"10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938797","url":null,"abstract":"Inadvertent open phase condition is a concern for distributed energy resources (DER) integration, due to the unregulated voltage on the opened phase. Although IEEE 1547–2018 standard mandates DER to detect and trip for open phase condition at its reference point of applicability (RPA), it may be challenging for DER to detect a feeder (high side of interconnection transformer) open phase condition. This paper presents an improved feeder open phase detection (OPD) method that only utilizes the solar photovoltaic (PV) or energy storage inverter's onboard resources. Controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed OPD algorithm. It is found that the OPD method can successfully detect a feeder open phase condition for $Delta/mathbf{Yg}$, YgNg, and $Delta/Delta$ transformer, but not with $mathbf{Yg}/Delta$ transformer.","PeriodicalId":435386,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116474324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers to Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Adoption on a National Scale in the United States","authors":"Casey R. Corrado, E. Holt, L. Schambach","doi":"10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938533","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. Government is facing immense pressure to reduce carbon emissions and shift towards renewable energy sources due to the pressing issue of climate change. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology, when implemented at the levels of residential, commercial businesses, and government agencies, has the potential to slow the rate of global warming, one step in addressing the climate crisis. Solar PVs provide an alternative to fossil fuels, with both lower carbon emissions and cost. The falling price of solar energy has made solar PVs increasingly cost effective compared to traditional, non-renewable energy sources. There are, however, a myriad of technological, environmental, political, economic, and social hurdles that prevent wider-spread solar adoption. While several solar-focused government policies and incentives have already been put in place, the government lacks a full understanding of the constraint space preventing widespread solar adoption. Identifying these barriers is a crucial step in developing effective and impactful plans and policy to expedite nation-wide implementation. This work evaluates current barriers to solar PV adoption within the U.S. and provides potential mitigation steps to address them. A list of recommendations for the U.S. federal government are also provided.","PeriodicalId":435386,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125939151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-Thin and Lightweight CdS/CdTe Solar Cell Fabricated on Ceramic Substrate for Space Applications","authors":"Manoj K. Jamarkattel, A. Phillips, Geethika K. Liyanage, Fadhil K. Alfadhili, Ebin Bastola, V. Plotnikov, A. Compaan, R. Ellingson, M. Heben","doi":"10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC48317.2022.9938514","url":null,"abstract":"Ultra-thin and light weight cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells were fabricated on 20-micron thick yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) substrate in superstrate configuration. Optimization of CdCl2 treatment and copper diffusion were done to enhance the preformation of the device. Due to high reflectance off the substrate surface, anti -reflecting layer was deposited on the front of the device to reduce the reflectance which increase current density. Here, we present ultra-thin and light weight CdS/CdTe solar cells with conversion efficiency of 11.2 % and specific power> 6 kW/kg. This could make CdTe based solar cells applicable for space applications.","PeriodicalId":435386,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126176721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}