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Beyond the Calculations: Life After Arc Flash Analysis 超越计算:电弧闪光后的生命分析
Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference Pub Date : 2007-06-24 DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286307
H. Tinsley, M. Hodder, A.M. Graham
{"title":"Beyond the Calculations: Life After Arc Flash Analysis","authors":"H. Tinsley, M. Hodder, A.M. Graham","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286307","url":null,"abstract":"Once an arc flash analysis has been performed for a facility, the quantification of the potential incident energy has been completed. However, this is only the first step in establishing and implementing a complete arc flash program. Labels must be applied to the equipment and the information presented must be appropriately meaningful and instructive to qualified persons preparing to access the energized equipment. Arc Flash warning labels are only one type of arc flash documentation that should be presented and available to facility personnel. A comprehensive safety policy and corresponding training program should be developed and implemented to ensure understanding and compliance with the procedures in place to reduce the impact of a potential arc flash hazard. Lastly, a preventative maintenance program must be put into place to ensure that all electrical equipment, most importantly the protective devices, will react appropriately during an arc flash event.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128697520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Comparison of Methods for the Mitigation of Line Disturbances Due to PWM AC Drives 缓解PWM交流驱动线路干扰的方法比较
Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference Pub Date : 2007-06-24 DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286287
F. Hoadley
{"title":"Comparison of Methods for the Mitigation of Line Disturbances Due to PWM AC Drives","authors":"F. Hoadley","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286287","url":null,"abstract":"Several methods are used to reduce the line current harmonics created by PWM AC drives, and by doing so, also reduce the voltage distortion at the secondary terminals of the supply transformer. However, each method also impacts the power distribution system in a different way, and has an impact on the operation of the drive itself. This paper will review and compare the effects that harmonic mitigating methods have on the line supply and on the drive. The comparisons are supported by computer simulations of drive systems and verified by extensive tests that were conducted in the lab.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122214608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Preventative Maintenance and Reliability of Low-Voltage Overcurrent Protective Devices 低压过流保护装置的预防性维护和可靠性
Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference Pub Date : 2007-06-24 DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286296
D. K. Neitzel, D. Neeser
{"title":"Preventative Maintenance and Reliability of Low-Voltage Overcurrent Protective Devices","authors":"D. K. Neitzel, D. Neeser","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286296","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical preventive maintenance and testing is one of the most important aspects to assuring the reliability and integrity of electrical distribution systems and equipment. It is also important for the protection of employees, or people in general. However, preventive maintenance of electrical systems and equipment, specifically with regard to overcurrent protective devices, is often overlooked or performed infrequently.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123781095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Process Control Security Journey 过程控制安全之旅
Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference Pub Date : 2007-06-24 DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286292
D. Hagedorn, B. Honda, D. Peterson
{"title":"Process Control Security Journey","authors":"D. Hagedorn, B. Honda, D. Peterson","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286292","url":null,"abstract":"The issues associated with computer security are no longer the exclusive domain of information technology. The increasing use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technologies in process control systems and networks makes them a potential target for various kinds of cyber attacks. The potential damage that can be caused if an attack is successful against a process control system can be substantial, if not catastrophic. Not only can production be impacted, but more importantly, safety can be compromised. It is therefore imperative that manufacturers understand the nature of potential threats, and that processes be put in place to prevent incidents as well as to deal with those that do occur. This paper will discuss one company's approach to understanding the nature of these threats, the risks associated with these threats, the business value of implementing a secure business to process architecture, and the experience gained by dealing with process control security. Discussed will be technology issues, organizational implications, and the recommended processes to put into place to insure that risks are minimized.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125012360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Lessons Learned Through Commissioning and Analyzing Data From Transformer Differential Installations - Part 1 通过调试和分析变压器差动装置数据的经验教训-第1部分
Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference Pub Date : 2007-06-24 DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286288
D. Costello
{"title":"Lessons Learned Through Commissioning and Analyzing Data From Transformer Differential Installations - Part 1","authors":"D. Costello","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286288","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring correct setting and installation of a transformer differential relay is critical. A transformer differential relay must detect internal faults, damaging overloads, and through-fault currents while remaining secure against misoperation. The ability to use wye-connected CTs with microprocessor-based relays has simplified installations, and these relays provide better commissioning tools than those available with traditional relays. However, installations and commissioning remain complicated. Installation and settings errors continue to be widespread, implying a need for more rigorous commissioning tests. Even with greater commissioning effort, occasional wiring problems develop over time, and these can best be resolved through analysis of relay event report data. In the interest of reducing transformer differential misoperations, we share in part 1 of this technical paper a review of transformer differential basics, settings examples and concerns, and recommended commissioning practices. In part 2 of this technical paper, we continue with practical lessons we have learned through experience with commissioning and relay event report analysis.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121311341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Technical and Economic Considerations of Aluminum Conductors 铝导体的技术经济考虑
Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference Pub Date : 2007-06-24 DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286285
R. Yanniello, P. Pollak, J. Rooks
{"title":"Technical and Economic Considerations of Aluminum Conductors","authors":"R. Yanniello, P. Pollak, J. Rooks","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286285","url":null,"abstract":"When many electrical equipment designers, specifiers, and users think of current-carrying conductors, copper is the only material that comes to mind. With recent unprecedented increases in the cost of copper, users are faced with these increases being passed on to them from their suppliers. This paper is intended to provide facts about aluminum for consideration as a viable alternative, address some common misconceptions about aluminum, present its more important mechanical and electrical properties, as well as address cost and reliability considerations. This paper does not attempt to show the overall superiority of one material over the other, but merely provide facts about aluminum so individuals can make more informed decisions regarding aluminum as a viable conductor.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115601303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Restoration and Upgrade of a Paper Mill's Electrical Generating System A Case Study of Brownville Specialty Paper Products 一家造纸厂发电系统的修复与升级——以布朗维尔特种纸制品为例
Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286306
J. Gardell, F. Lau, R. Bice, D. Benjamin
{"title":"Restoration and Upgrade of a Paper Mill's Electrical Generating System A Case Study of Brownville Specialty Paper Products","authors":"J. Gardell, F. Lau, R. Bice, D. Benjamin","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286306","url":null,"abstract":"This restoration and upgrade project was undertaken based on the need to replace the excitation system, generator protection, synchronizing control and circuit breaker of Brownville Specialty Paper Products' 875 kVA, 480 volt paper mill generator. The project was prompted by an electrical fault, which occurred on the generator feed and resulted in a fire. The fire event is described as well as a fault description and the resulting damage. The general effect of the loss of the steam turbine generator on the mill is discussed, including the incremental energy costs for mill operation. This paper identifies the necessary repairs and replacements required to return the steam turbine and generator to service and thoroughly discusses the mill operational and protection advantages obtained through the upgrade project.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132485506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Considerations When Applying Microprocessor Relays In Chemically Harsh Environments 在化学条件恶劣的环境中应用微处理器继电器时的注意事项
Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference Pub Date : 2007-06-01 DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286279
C. Wester, R. Midence, C. Cosoreanu
{"title":"Considerations When Applying Microprocessor Relays In Chemically Harsh Environments","authors":"C. Wester, R. Midence, C. Cosoreanu","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286279","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of microprocessor based protection, monitoring, and control devices in industrial applications has resulted from a need for smaller, more cost effective protection devices that can provide substantially more metering, monitoring, and reporting functionality than electro-mechanical or solid-state relays. These requirements have led to the use of surface mount components, replacing the larger, more expensive through-hole components. While helping to meet the requirements of the industrial market, the use of surface mount (SMT) technology has produced technical challenges directly related to the industrial environment for which they were designed. Harsh chemical environments, specifically environments that contain gaseous sulphide, can result in the corrosion and ultimate failure of the surface mount components used to manufacture microprocessor-based devices. Although the terminology \"Harsh Chemical Environment\" is commonly used to describe applications known to contain chemical contamination, it has been established that the levels of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) required to cause failures in surface mount components is scientifically lower than previously thought. This paper will serve to highlight the technical challenges associated with implementing microprocessor-based devices in industrial environments where there is the potential for hydrogen sulphide or other corrosive gas contamination. Among the issues to be discussed; (a) how hydrogen sulphide effects microprocessor based devices; (b) sources and levels of hydrogen sulphide causing component failure; and (c) prevention and containment solutions for industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125507866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Application of Existing Technologies to Reduce Arc-Flash Hazards 现有技术的应用，以减少弧闪危害
Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference Pub Date : 2007-03-27 DOI: 10.1109/CPRE.2007.359902
J. Buff, K. Zimmerman
{"title":"Application of Existing Technologies to Reduce Arc-Flash Hazards","authors":"J. Buff, K. Zimmerman","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2007.359902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2007.359902","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we include some important industry definitions of arc flash and ways of measuring arc-flash hazards. We then examine the use of existing technologies, including digital relays and communications capabilities, to implement reduced trip times using instantaneous overcurrent relays, a fast bus-trip scheme, and differential schemes. We use a typical industrial switchgear lineup as an example of how to implement these schemes. Finally, we quantify the levels to which we can reduce arc-flash energy and its impact on safety.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123049702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
Applying Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers To Limit Arc Flash Energy 应用低压断路器限制电弧闪光能量
Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference Pub Date : 2006-09-01 DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2006.359686
G. Gregory, K. Lippert
{"title":"Applying Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers To Limit Arc Flash Energy","authors":"G. Gregory, K. Lippert","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2006.359686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2006.359686","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to examine the application of low-voltage circuit breakers to control energy released during an arc-flash occurrence. It contrasts arc-flash incident energy values obtained by calculation with values obtained by direct testing. It examines values at low fault current levels where long duration events may be expected. It also reviews the protection afforded by current-limiting circuit breakers. The paper concludes with an overall discussion of circuit breaker applications for arc flash energy reduction.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"2004 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129684718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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