Volume 4A: Materials and Fabrication最新文献

{"title":"Development of a Robust Procedure for the Evaluation of Striation Spacings in Low Cycle Fatigue Specimens Tested in a Simulated PWR Environment","authors":"Benjamin Howe, J. Mann, Z. Que, C. Huotilainen, F. Scenini, G. Burke","doi":"10.1115/pvp2022-84027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-84027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A pressurized water reactor primary environment can have a deleterious effect on the fatigue lifetime of austenitic stainless steels. There is a need to develop a greater understanding behind the effect of a pressurized water reactor primary environment on the fatigue behaviour of austenitic stainless steels. One of the ways that we can improve our mechanistic understanding is by carrying out striation spacing analysis.\u0000 Striation counting is a widely used technique in fatigue failure investigations where it is typically used to infer information on crack progression, including the estimation of propagation rates and number of applied loading cycles. Standardised procedures for performing striation counting are uncommon, especially for environmental fatigue in a high temperature pressurized water reactor primary water environment where differences in fracture surface morphology and oxide coverage can lead to additional complications in performing an analysis.\u0000 One of the main goals of the EU Horizon 2020 INCEFA-SCALE project is to develop an improved mechanistic understanding of fatigue in these systems through extensive characterisation of laboratory tested specimens. As part of this work, this paper describes the development of a standardised and robust striation counting procedure for the low cycle fatigue of austenitic stainless steels operating in both air and simulated pressurized water reactor environments. Additionally, results are presented from round robin exercises that involved eight partners of the INCEFA-SCALE consortium.","PeriodicalId":434925,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116604158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive Manufacturing of Monel K-500 via Directed Energy Deposition for Pressure Vessel Applications","authors":"Ze Chen, Chengcheng Wang, S. Kandukuri, Kun Zhou","doi":"10.1115/pvp2022-85735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-85735","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Metal additive manufacturing has rapidly revolutionized the production processes across various industries. Laser-assisted powder-fed directed energy deposition (DED) has eminent advantages such as high deposition rate, capability for cladding and repairing valuable parts, and great potential for in-situ alloying, which are highly desirable attributes for pressure vessel applications. This study used DED to process Monel K-500, a nickel-based alloy approved by the American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Fully dense Monel K-500 parts were printed by DED with the tensile strength of ∼ 20% and elongation of ∼ 120% higher than their casted counterparts. Besides, the anisotropy of mechanical properties of DED fabricated Monel K-500 parts were investigated. This work provides a technical reference for industries to utilize DED to manufacture Monel K-500 parts with desirable performance for pressure vessel applications.","PeriodicalId":434925,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122262887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creep Life Prediction Using Creep Tests and Omega Method: Practical Application to a 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel","authors":"Pierre Planques, Anthony Le Guellaut, Raphaél Goti, B. Viguier","doi":"10.1115/pvp2022-83888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-83888","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this research, creep tests were carried out on ex-service 2.25Cr-1Mo steel under conditions more severe than those of service. The specimens were tested in a temperature range of 585°C up to 650°C and in a stress range of 65 MPa up to 120 MPa, leading to strain rates values of the order of 10−5 h−1. Conventional creep rupture tests and stepped tests (isothermal and multiple load levels) were conducted. The results of these tests are presented in terms of rupture time and the Omega method parameters Ω, and ε˙0.\u0000 The implementation of the Omega method, testing methods and the test conditions are then discussed together with the values of the parameters Ω and ε˙0 obtained. Those values were compared to the corresponding values from API579-1 data base [1] and the adjustment factors ΔcdΩ and ΔsrΩ. Lifetime prediction of the Omega method and the importance to identify the material scatter parameters for a given metallurgical condition are discussed.","PeriodicalId":434925,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128808217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Stress Intensity Factor Solutions for Axial Outside Surface Cracks in Thick-Wall Cylinders","authors":"Xian-Kui Zhu, Jesse B. Zhu, A. Duncan","doi":"10.1115/pvp2022-86164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-86164","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Crack assessment relies on the linear elastic or elastic-plastic fracture mechanics that requires calculation of stress intensity factor, K, in the fitness for service codes, such as API 579 and ASME BPVC Section XI. For a surface crack in a cylinder, the K calculation becomes calculating the influence coefficients G0 and G1 of K in those codes. API 579 provided accurate tabular data of G0 and G1 for selected cylinder sizes (t/Ri), crack aspect ratios (a/c), crack depths (a/t), and crack tip locations. Recently, the curve-fit solutions of G0 and G1 were obtained for surface cracks at the deepest and surface points. For an arbitrary cylinder size, however, three-parameter interpolations are still needed to estimate the G0 and G1.\u0000 To avoid performing the complex interpolation, this paper adopts the state-of-the-art machine learning technology to develop data-driven K solutions based on the tabular data of G0 and G1 given in API 579 for axial outside semi-elliptical surface cracks in thick-wall cylinders at the deepest and surface points. The machine learning method utilizes an artificial neural network (ANN), activation function, and optimal learning algorithm to learn and to determine G0 and G1 as a function of the cylinder size (t/Ri), aspect ratio (a/c), and crack depth (a/t) for axial outside surface cracks at the deepest and surface points. The proposed data-driven solutions of G0 and G1 are validated by available curve-fit solutions for the axial outside surface cracks.","PeriodicalId":434925,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129127150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Further Developments in Nuclear Pressure Vessel Manufacture Using the Hot Isostatic Pressing Process and Thick-Section Electron Beam Welding","authors":"T. Warner, J. Sulley, P. Wallace, D. Stewart, G. Jones, D. Thatcher","doi":"10.1115/pvp2022-79403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-79403","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing) – Powder Metallurgy has been used by Rolls-Royce to successfully manufacture nuclear pressure boundary components such as valves, piping, and pump casings; the majority of these components being manufactured in stainless steels, typically 316L. Rolls-Royce has pioneered the use of this technology in the nuclear field in order to provide cost and lead-time reductions. Rolls-Royce considers there to be significant potential benefits in applying the HIP process, together with Thick Section Electron Beam Welding (TSEBW), to the manufacture of large Low Alloy Steel (LAS) pressure vessels. These benefits would include cost savings, lead-time reductions, an increase in the material quality, and improved inspectability of the as-manufactured material. TSEBW offers the opportunity to dramatically reduce vessel section welding time, and, as no filler material is used, the potential to have a weld microstructure very similar to the parent material, thus providing the opportunity to eliminate through-life vessel weld inspections to reduce plant in-service costs. Production cost and timescale reductions are of particular interest with large vessel manufacture being a most significant contributor to the overall cost and manufacturing time of primary nuclear plant; this against a backdrop of the industry striving to drive down the cost of nuclear power generation in order to ensure viability with other forms of power generation.\u0000 Applying the HIP process to LAS materials presents particular challenges due to the propensity for oxygen pick-up during the powder manufacturing stage, or in subsequent filling and processing operations. The potential for oxide formation on powder particles presents a risk to the material properties being adversely affected, particularly a material’s fracture toughness, which is critical to the structural integrity of nuclear pressure vessels.\u0000 Previously, Rolls-Royce has shown it is possible to achieve enhanced tensile properties compared to wrought equivalent material, and to meet the specified Charpy impact toughness requirements. However, under certain conditions, i.e. relatively high oxygen levels in the HIP powder, the Charpy impact toughness was found to be 66% of typical wrought material at room temperature. This paper presents further material testing work conducted by Rolls-Royce to assess any improvement in material property results when the potential for oxygen ingress in the process is reduced.\u0000 This paper also presents the latest HIP vessel demonstrator work that Rolls-Royce has conducted to assess the viability of the technology to achieve vessel geometries. Of note is the production of a Small Vessel Demonstrator, which, to the best of Rolls-Royce’s knowledge, is the first of a kind HIPed, TSEB welded, LAS, high integrity pressure vessel with integral cladding. Achieving integral cladding by the HIP process has the potential to provide significant cost and time savings by deleting time","PeriodicalId":434925,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117316975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical Performance of Aged Long Fibers: Direct Water Exposure and Temperature Effect","authors":"Hadi Nazaripoor, John Sunny, A. Hammami, P. Mertiny","doi":"10.1115/pvp2022-83931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-83931","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Long fiber-reinforced composite materials consist of continuous fibers with high strength and modulus embedded in either a thermoset or thermoplastic matrix. The resulting composite material provides a combination of properties that cannot be achieved with either of the constituents acting alone. In composite structures, fibers are the primary load-carrying element, whereas the matrix transfers stress to and between the fibers while protecting them from adverse environmental conditions and mechanical damages. While thermosetting matrices provide a high level of protection against water permeation, exposure to moisture may still be significant in certain thermoplastics. Therefore, the effect of moisture on the reinforcing elements and the degradation rate may be considerable. The presented study investigated the effects of environmental aging conditions on different commercially available continuous fibers, i.e., glass fiber, carbon fiber, and basalt fiber. The fibers were soaked in water at room and elevated temperature to investigate the degradation mechanisms and, ultimately, the mechanical performance of the fibers. Mechanical testing was performed with wet fibers and dried fibers after aging. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was employed to explore the responsible mechanism for fiber degradation by environmental aging.","PeriodicalId":434925,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132063902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on the Effect of Heat Treatment for Thermoplastic Composites","authors":"Ningtao Shang, Riwu Yao, Jinkui Wu, Zhiyong Kong, Jinyang Zheng, Jianfeng Shi","doi":"10.1115/pvp2022-84454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-84454","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Thermoplastic composites have recently attracted broad attention in aerospace, transportation, shipping, and other fields for their excellent mechanical properties and high recyclability. However, the properties of thermoplastic composites are unstable because of the problems such as microstructural differences and residual thermal stress after molding processing. Therefore, heat treatment, as a common method to modulate the microstructure and improve the properties of materials, is used to solve the problems. In this paper, the effects of different heat treatment methods were reviewed, including oven heating, microwave heating, and electric heating on the properties of various types of thermoplastic composites. The changes in material properties i.e., phase transformation, residual stress, interface bonding properties, etc. were discussed. Based on these investigations, electric heating experiments were carried out on the damaged samples of short carbon fiber reinforced polyethylene (SCFRPE) composites, and the mechanical properties of the samples before and after electric heating were analyzed. The results showed that the toughness increased, while the strength decreased after electric heating. These phenomena may be related to the changes of crystallinity and interfacial shear strength of the composites. This study can provide a reference for the manufacturing of SCFRPE based structures.","PeriodicalId":434925,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130699899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture and Tensile Characterization of Additively Manufactured Type 300 Series Stainless Steel in the Baseline and Hydrogen Charged Conditions","authors":"T. Krentz, P. Korinko, A. Mcwilliams","doi":"10.1115/pvp2022-84723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-84723","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has characterized powder bed fusion processed Type 304L stainless steel for use as hydrogen storage and process vessels. As part of this characterization, a simple cylinder (C-cylinder) and a “D-cylinder” were fabricated using two different Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) machines at two different sites. These four sample cylinders were electrical discharge machined (EDM) into cylindrical blanks and rectangular blanks and subsequently finished machined into tensile samples and single edge notched three-point bend fracture toughness samples, respectively. The microstructures of the cylinders were optically characterized parallel to the build direction and perpendicular to the build direction at three elevations. Samples were hydrogen charged using conditions to generate approximately 70 wppm (3700 appm) hydrogen. The sub-sized cylindrical tensile samples and fracture toughness samples were non-destructively characterized using computed tomography with a voxel size of nominally 80 microns. Metallographic analysis and CT indicated the samples are virtually pore free and exhibit the expected microstructure of L-PBF processing. The mechanical test samples were tested in the baseline and hydrogen charged conditions to determine the tensile and fracture toughness behavior; based on previous results, the baseline tensile and fracture properties are comparable to wrought material and the hydrogen properties exhibit similar characteristics to wrought materials.","PeriodicalId":434925,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128420287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure Estimation Methods for Steam Generator Tubes With Wall-Thinning or Crack","authors":"Yoshihito Yamaguchi, A. Mano, Yinsheng Li","doi":"10.1115/pvp2022-84697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-84697","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The steam generator (SG) tube is one of the important components in pressurized water reactors. Flaws such as wall-thinning or stress corrosion cracking have been reported in SG tubes. The burst pressure where both the internal and external pressures from the primary and secondary coolant systems are considered must be predicted to assess the structural integrity of SG tubes. Burst tests were performed by various organizations. On the basis of the test results, failure estimation methods were proposed. In this study, previous burst test data and existing failure estimation methods for SG tubes with wall-thinning or crack were investigated. As a result, the coefficient of the existing estimation method for SG tube with uniform wall-thinning was updated. In addition, failure estimation methods that are suitable for SG tubes with crack or local wall-thinning were proposed by considering the effects of the flaw shape and size on the burst pressure. The applicability of the failure estimation methods was confirmed by comparing the predicted results with the burst test data in actual SG tubes.","PeriodicalId":434925,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130710205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture Toughness Testing of 316L Steel Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion","authors":"Ee E. Tan, Fabian S. Sorce, C. Davies","doi":"10.1115/pvp2022-85651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-85651","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is a relatively new manufacturing technique that offers many benefits. However, the utilization of selective laser melting (SLM) manufactured components depends on the assurance of their integrity during operation. Samples manufactured through LPBF are prone to defects. Therefore, it is important to determine the fracture toughness of the materials. In this work, fracture toughness tests on single edge notched bend (SENB) samples have been performed and the results are presented. The samples have been manufactured in 3 orthogonal directions enabling the influence of defect orientation relative to the build direction on toughness to be determined. The crack growth has been monitored using both elastic compliance and the potential drop (PD) technique, and the crack tip strain fields have been imaged using digital image correlation techniques. It has been found that the toughness of samples with the crack plane parallel to the build layers (vertical) is greater than that of samples with the crack plane normal to the build layers (horizontal), contrary to expectations based on previous research. This behavior is likely to be a result of changes in porosity ahead of the crack tip due to inadvertent cooling effects during the build process, resulting in fewer build defects ahead of the crack tip in the “vertical” samples.","PeriodicalId":434925,"journal":{"name":"Volume 4A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115196253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}