Dominik Antonowicz, B. Cantwell, I. Froumin, Glendell Jones, S. Marginson, Rómulo Pinheiro
{"title":"Horizontal Diversity","authors":"Dominik Antonowicz, B. Cantwell, I. Froumin, Glendell Jones, S. Marginson, Rómulo Pinheiro","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198828877.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828877.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores horizontal diversity in higher education in the context of high participation systems (HPS), focusing on differences in institutional mission, form and type, and internal diversity within institutions. The chapter starts with an analysis of scholarly approaches to diversity. The dominance of the market diversity perspective (‘deregulate to create more choices’) indicates not its profound relevance to the diversity issue, but the tenacious hold of marketization narratives on the policy imagination. Competition in higher education is mostly associated with less, not more, diversity. The chapter discusses four propositions in relation to diversity in HPS, highlighting decline in the overall diversity of institutional form and mission despite growth in systems, the rise of large multi-purpose institutions as the dominant form, and increased internal institutional diversity. When HPS are rendered more competitive in government-fostered quasi-markets, horizontal distinctions of mission tend to become vertical.","PeriodicalId":434618,"journal":{"name":"High Participation Systems of Higher Education","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125116949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Balancing Efficiency and Equity in a Welfare State Setting: High Participation Higher Education in Norway","authors":"R. Pinheiro, B. Stensaker","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198828877.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198828877.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a detailed and extensive assessment of Norway’s high participation system (HPS) of higher education. It starts from a historical analysis of higher education enrolment since massification after World War II. Norway attempts to combine equity with relevancy, efficiency, and accountability. In relation to the general process of expansion, driven by family aspirations, and HPS governance and diversity, including the growing importance of larger institutions with comprehensive missions, Norway largely fits HPS propositions, though like other Nordic countries it departs significantly from the propositions in terms of stratification (low) and equity (high). There are signs however of increased research competition and formation of a steeper hierarchy.","PeriodicalId":434618,"journal":{"name":"High Participation Systems of Higher Education","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133674203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Building a New Society and Economy: High Participation Higher Education in Poland","authors":"M. Kwiek","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198828877.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198828877.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a detailed and extensive assessment of Poland’s high participation system (HPS) of higher education. In contrast with other country cases, Poland’s leap from elite to mass to HPS higher education occurred very quickly, in two decades, after the breakdown of the socialist bloc. The Polish system first experienced both expansion and privatization, which then gave way to the opposite trends of contraction and de-privatization, due to the demographic decline and strengthened governmental regulation. The chapter uses the seventeen HPS propositions to discuss this history and the drivers of massification, governance, horizontal diversity, vertical stratification, and equity issues. The propositions generally fit very well with the country case.","PeriodicalId":434618,"journal":{"name":"High Participation Systems of Higher Education","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127475921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Broad Access and Steep Stratification in the First Mass System: High Participation Higher Education in the United States of America","authors":"B. Cantwell","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198828877.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198828877.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a detailed and extensive assessment of the United States of America’s (USA) high participation systems (HPS) of higher education. It considers the history of higher education, system development, and the present condition of higher education in the country. The USA was the first HPS and the American system remains globally influential. Higher education in the USA is a massive enterprise, defined by both excellent and dubious providers, broad inclusion, and steep inequality. The chapter further examines higher education in the USA in light of the seventeen HPS propositions. Perhaps more so than any other system, the American HPS conforms to the propositions. Notably, higher education in the USA is both more diverse horizontally, and stratified vertically, than most other HPS.","PeriodicalId":434618,"journal":{"name":"High Participation Systems of Higher Education","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122300702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High Participation Society","authors":"A. Smolentseva","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198828877.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828877.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter asks the ultimate question about high participation systems (HPS) of higher education: what kind of society is it when the majority of young people have higher education? It reviews theories and concepts developed in two disciplinary traditions: social sciences (structural functionalism, neo-institutionalism, etc.) and educational philosophy (Bildung and growth theory among others). Those two strands of scholarship highlight two key dimensions in the relations between higher education and society: the social/occupational structure, and socialization as human development/self-formation. The Bildung idea of a dual human nature, both determined by the world and being self-determining, largely corresponds to these two disciplinary approaches and opens up an intellectual space for further cross-disciplinary, multi-dimensional research on the meanings of HPS higher education for individuals and society.","PeriodicalId":434618,"journal":{"name":"High Participation Systems of Higher Education","volume":"257 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122659917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Equity","authors":"S. Marginson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198828877.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828877.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter discusses educational and social equity in the context of high participation systems (HPS) of higher education. It begins by discussing the terms ‘equity’ and ‘equality’ in a historical perspective. Noting that the growth of HPS is associated with more intensive competition at the entrance to elite higher education, the chapter develops four propositions in relation to equity in HPS: as systems expand, equity in the form of social inclusion is enhanced; growth is associated with increased stratification of higher education, and greater social inequality in educational and graduate outcomes, unless there is compensating state policy; the positional structure of the higher education system increasingly resembles that of society; and it becomes more difficult for states and institutions to redistribute social opportunities in education. In short, social inclusion via greater participation is more readily achieved, while an improved social mix in elite higher education institutions is more difficult to achieve.","PeriodicalId":434618,"journal":{"name":"High Participation Systems of Higher Education","volume":"651 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132015406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vertical Stratification","authors":"B. Cantwell, S. Marginson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198828877.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828877.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers national system stratification in high participation systems (HPS) of higher education. As demand for higher education increases, the social value of places within a system becomes more differentiated on a binary basis, between places offering exceptionally high positional value and others offering little value. Three prepositions about stratification are advanced. The first expands on the tendency to system bifurcation in HPS, with a small and elite ‘artisanal’ sector, mostly research-intensive universities, opposed to a larger and undistinguished ‘demand-absorbing’ sector. The second proposition identifies a set of drivers that push the bifurcation process. The third proposition recognizes that bifurcation is always incomplete and focuses on the contradictory dynamics of the ‘middle’ layer of higher education institutions in most HPS. Nationally specific factors that accentuate or limit stratification are identified.","PeriodicalId":434618,"journal":{"name":"High Participation Systems of Higher Education","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127146909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decentralization, Provincial Systems, and the Challenge of Equity: High Participation Higher Education in Canada","authors":"Glendell Jones","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198828877.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198828877.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a detailed and extensive assessment of the Canadian high participation system (HPS) of higher education. It considers the history of Canadian higher education, system development, and the present condition of higher education in the country. System de-centralization is especially remarkable when comparing Canadian higher education to other HPS. Each Canadian province has substantial authority over higher education within its borders, and while the federal-central government plays a role, it is less involved in provision than in most other HPS. The chapter examines Canadian higher education in light of the seventeen HPS propositions. The Canadian case supports most propositions. However, the system is less stratified and produces more equitable outcomes than are suggested by the propositions.","PeriodicalId":434618,"journal":{"name":"High Participation Systems of Higher Education","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116701553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards Universal Access Amid Demographic Decline: High Participation Higher Education in Japan","authors":"Akiyoshi Yonezawa, Futao Huang","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198828877.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828877.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a detailed and extensive assessment of Japan’s high participation system (HPS) of higher education, in historical perspective, and reflects on the changes in governance, functional differentiation, diversification between institutions in the form of vertical stratification, and the challenges for social equality and equity. The country case largely complies with the HPS propositions, with some national variations. The role of the state has been particularly important in shaping system differentiation; it has fostered functional diversification among universities and other post-secondary institutions, and has also concentrated public investment in selected universities. Stratification is enhanced by neo-liberal competition policy and the official positioning of the top universities as responding to globalization. The deliberate pursuit of functional diversification has modified the secular tendency to reduced diversity of institutional type, but not eliminated it. A shrinking population and economy have created more challenges for designing a sustainable future vision of higher education.","PeriodicalId":434618,"journal":{"name":"High Participation Systems of Higher Education","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131410280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparative Data on High Participation Systems","authors":"P. Clancy, S. Marginson","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198828877.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198828877.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides and discusses existing comparative data on higher education participation between various countries. The chapter starts with a review of the principal measures of participation, noting an inevitable tradeoff between optimum statistical measures and what is feasible given data limitations. After surveying participation in higher education in all countries, and noting that almost three-quarters have achieved enrolment ratios of at least 15 per cent, the chapter provides more detailed comparisons of the OECD member countries. The chapter proposes a composite Higher Education Participation Index which combines enrolment and output measures.","PeriodicalId":434618,"journal":{"name":"High Participation Systems of Higher Education","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126844867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}