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Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)最新文献

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A tale of two cities: urban mental health in Vancouver and New York City 两个城市的故事:温哥华和纽约的城市心理健康
Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0019
K. Jang, M. Krausz, M. Song
{"title":"A tale of two cities: urban mental health in Vancouver and New York City","authors":"K. Jang, M. Krausz, M. Song","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization and mental health are inter-linked. With the expansion of cities, pressures on services are increasing. The constraints for providing healthcare services are tremendous and financial resources can be demanding. In this chapter, service provision in Vancouver and New York are compared. It is well recognized that in most countries, there exist three levels of government: the national or federal, state or provincial assemblies, and city or municipal councils. In theory, each order is relatively independent. Local or municipal governments typically derive their powers from state or provincial law. This is notable because it places statutory limitations on what cities are responsible for, and restrictions on how, and where, the municipality may raise and spend monies. Health care policies may be developed at federal or national levels and, paradoxically, their delivery is expected at local levels, raising specific issues and pressures on local authorities.","PeriodicalId":434072,"journal":{"name":"Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130368299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Urbanization and marginalization 城市化与边际化
Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0008
M. Krausz, Verena Strehlau, F. Choi, K. Jang
{"title":"Urbanization and marginalization","authors":"M. Krausz, Verena Strehlau, F. Choi, K. Jang","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"From research among vulnerable urban individuals it is known that mental illness and substance use disorders are risk factors for social marginalization, homelessness, and poverty. The majority of homeless individuals have experienced early-childhood trauma, maltreatment, foster care, and family dysfunction. Limited access to physical and mental health care continuity further marginalizes the already vulnerable and creates social exclusion. The general migration of people towards big metropolitan areas also increases the pressure on limited infrastructure and health care in urban centres. This constitutes a significant public health threat and heralds the need to reposition the healthcare system and, in particular, mental health services to manage the situation. To provide equal access and a minimal quality of care the priorities of the healthcare systems need to be newly defined from the principles of harm reduction.","PeriodicalId":434072,"journal":{"name":"Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)","volume":"251 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121412286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Urban mental health strategies 城市心理健康策略
Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0021
T. Litman
{"title":"Urban mental health strategies","authors":"T. Litman","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Urban living can impose mental health risks, such as concentrated poverty, loneliness and alienation, crowding and reduced privacy, fear of crime, reduced physical activity, economic stress, transport conditions, and inadequate interaction with nature. Research helps experts understand and respond to these risks. Urban healthcare professionals can use this information to protect and enhance their own mental health, to better address their patients’ mental health problems, and to guide policymakers and urban planners to enhance mental health in communities. By understanding these effects, health professionals can help inoculate their cities against mental health risks the same way they support strategies that reduce physical health risks. This chapter examines mental health risks associated with urban living, the degree that they are associated with or caused by urban conditions, and ways for individuals and communities to reduce these risks and enhance urban mental health. These issues are important in developed and developing countries.","PeriodicalId":434072,"journal":{"name":"Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114373192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gender and sexual minorities 性别和性少数群体
Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0018
Richard Bradlow, Neha Singh, Suraj Beloskar, G. Kalra
{"title":"Gender and sexual minorities","authors":"Richard Bradlow, Neha Singh, Suraj Beloskar, G. Kalra","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"A person’s living environment can have substantial impact on his/her mental health due to a range of factors related to the environment. It has often been argued that urban settings are a hotpot of sociocultural evolutions that attract individuals from the gender and sexual minority (GSM) groups. This has led to migration from rural to urban areas and also from one urban area to another urban area. Various push and pull factors in both the rural and urban areas help GSM individuals decide in which direction to move. While rural areas present with challenges such as social isolation within a homophobic/transphobic environment, urban areas also have their own unique set of challenges for the GSM population. In this chapter, we focus on various factors in both rural and urban settings that impact on the mental health of GSM population.","PeriodicalId":434072,"journal":{"name":"Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128132611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Neuroscience of mental illness in the city 精神疾病的神经科学研究
Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0009
Jan Golembiewski
{"title":"Neuroscience of mental illness in the city","authors":"Jan Golembiewski","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The urban environment appears to be causal for psychosis – specifically in the way it is percieved. The Ecological Model of Perception is an excellent model for understanding the aetiology of urban psychosis, because it asserts that recognition does not commence a cognitive process, but, instead, that recognition occurs only once behaviours have already been directly triggered by the action opportunities that are embodied within objects—especially action opportunities that are designed, and are therefore ubiquitous in cities. This chapter traces key neural differences between urban and rural populations to explain this ecological phenomenon with the Ecological Hypothesis for Schizophrenia, which details how these behaviours become symptomatic. The chapter provides insight for those who are responsible for the built environment. It also draws attention of the mental health professionals to work together with city planners to provide a better understanding of various issues.","PeriodicalId":434072,"journal":{"name":"Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125491275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Work, worklessness, and mental health 工作、失业和心理健康
Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0023
J. Boardman, T. Craig
{"title":"Work, worklessness, and mental health","authors":"J. Boardman, T. Craig","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"The association between unemployment and mental disorders is complex. Some of the strongest evidence for the causal impact of losing employment on mental health comes from studies carried out during and in the years following national and international financial crises and economic recession. Mental health problems can also lead to unemployment and, once unemployed, people suffering from these conditions have difficulty finding and sustaining employment. It was taken for granted that people with disabilities associated with enduring mental health problem required a lengthy period of re-training before job seeking. More recently, this ‘train then place’ approach has been turned on its head, starting first with job placement and following this with ongoing support to both employee and employer. Research has now shown the latter to be the more effective approach across several countries albeit tempered by factors such as the state of the wider economy and availability of welfare support.","PeriodicalId":434072,"journal":{"name":"Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128058915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Conclusions 结论
Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198804949.003.0024
D. Bhugra, A. Ventriglio, J. Castaldelli-Maia, L. Mccay
{"title":"Conclusions","authors":"D. Bhugra, A. Ventriglio, J. Castaldelli-Maia, L. Mccay","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198804949.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198804949.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Urban environments can be toxic to people’s mental health. Life in the city can also have positive impact on education, cultural enrichment, and employment opportunities and access to services when needed. Wide variety of housing and transport can help. Cities can also provide sexual and ethnic diversity. As most clinical services themselves are set in the urban areas, clinicians often do not understand the impact of urban environment on people’s well-being. Similarly, very often urban designers and city planners do not take into account the effect built environments can have on people’s mental health. It is critical that as part of prevention of mental illnesses and promotion of mental health both groups work with other stakeholders to ensure that urban environments are safe and clean and provide a milieu for people to work, play, and live in without endangering their well-being. Joint working should be the first crucial step.","PeriodicalId":434072,"journal":{"name":"Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120939694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The psychogenic city 心理城市
Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0010
F. Solmi, J. Kirkbride
{"title":"The psychogenic city","authors":"F. Solmi, J. Kirkbride","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Do cities cause psychosis? Over 50% of the world’s population now live in cities, a figure set to rise to two-thirds by 2050. This unprecedented change in the organization of human populations will have both positive and negative consequences on a wide variety of social, political, economic, and health-related domains for individuals and society. In this chapter, we focus on one potentially negative consequence of city living; namely, raised risks of non-affective psychotic disorders in urban populations. We review the possible drivers of this phenomenon, which range from a causal role for exposure to deleterious factors in our urban environments through to non-causal factors, such as reverse causation—or social drift—potentially spanning several generations. We conclude by linking current epidemiological evidence with the latest findings from genetics and social neuroscience on this important public mental health issue.","PeriodicalId":434072,"journal":{"name":"Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126829440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Globalization and urbanization 全球化与城市化
Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0004
D. Darmansjah, G. Kalra, D. Bhugra
{"title":"Globalization and urbanization","authors":"D. Darmansjah, G. Kalra, D. Bhugra","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"More than 50% of world’s population lives in the cities that are bustling with possibilities. Growth in these cities is mainly associated with the change in their demographic and geographical situations. Globalization has contributed further to movement of people and resources creating tensions and overpopulation in some parts and reduction in others. It is inevitable that overpopulation and urbanization leading to overcrowding have been shown to have negative consequences on people’s physical and mental health. Numerous efforts have been made through governmental policies and non-governmental organization (NGO) involvement in order to promote healthy cities between policymakers, healthcare professionals, and community members.","PeriodicalId":434072,"journal":{"name":"Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)","volume":"99 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131004584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Internal migration and internal boundaries 内部迁移和内部边界
Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0005
A. Ventriglio, D. Bhugra
{"title":"Internal migration and internal boundaries","authors":"A. Ventriglio, D. Bhugra","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198804949.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The recent spate of global migration for geo-political reasons hides the fact that human migration has occurred over several millennia. Perhaps social media has led to acute awareness of the impact of immigration on social, political, and economic aspects of the new country. Urban areas and conurbations tend to attract refugees and asylum seekers. The contributions that migrants make are often ignored or forgotten. Migrants are mostly psychologically and physically resilient, but acculturation processes may not always go smoothly, creating discrimination by the larger community. Some migrant groups show higher rates of psychiatric disorders, but these have to be seen in the context of discrimination in policies of employment, housing, etc., and physical and psychological acculturation. Political, social, and economic factors are likely to play a role in the genesis of depression in urban migrants. Specific social factors may influence the individual’s functioning soon after arrival, but other factors may emerge after moving into the city.","PeriodicalId":434072,"journal":{"name":"Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128513306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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