American Journal of Trade and Policy最新文献

{"title":"America’s Failing Trade War With China: A Focus on Fentanyl","authors":"Corinna K. Hamilton","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V8I1.531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V8I1.531","url":null,"abstract":"As this article will explain in detail, much of the fentanyl reaching the hands of Americans comes from The People’s Republic of China (“China”). However, as seen by the rise in overdoses, most efforts to control the invasion of fentanyl have been unsuccessful. Although the federal and state governments have attempted to curtail this crisis by imposing sanctions and urging China to regulate the production and shipping of the substance, fentanyl continues to flood the streets of the U.S. Moreover, the economic interdependence between the two nations complicates the matter. Because of this interdependence, the U.S. must take control of the situation. The U.S. fentanyl problem will persist if Americans are not dissuaded from using the drug. We must focus on the demand, rather than the supply. This comment focuses on the rise of opioids and synthetic pain relievers, and the variety of attempts at decreasing the number of addicts and overdoses. Initially, the comment will discuss the history of the popular drug opium, opiates, and prescription opioids, discussing state and federal attempts at curbing the crisis that the U.S. faces. It will address the rise of synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, and how and why it was created. Section two will discuss how fentanyl and its precursors are imported into the U.S. from China. Section three will discuss U.S. federal and state attempts at legislation to control the flow of fentanyl into the U.S. Section four will address the implications, or perhaps fuel to the fire, that the influx in the supply of fentanyl from China has had on trade relations, and how the trade linkage between the two nations obfuscates the situation. The comment will conclude by hypothesizing how the U.S. and China will recalibrate their relationship and recommend that to combat the fentanyl emergency, the U.S. needs to take steps to offer Americans with drug addictions the assistance they need.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"340 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123415683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Everything-as-a-Service (XaaS) in the World of Technology and Trade","authors":"Apoorva Ganapathy","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V7I3.555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V7I3.555","url":null,"abstract":"This article is expected to extensively clarify what Everything As-A-Service means and how it is utilized to arrive at many customers across the globe. Curiously, it uses distributed computing in giving different types of administrations to its buyers. It was noted to help in the development and headway of organizations and smooth promoting of items. It was also noticed that the XaaS has various classes, which adds up to many of them, which a lot was painstakingly analyzed along with their different advantages and burdens in like-way. Some of them have models, which was adequately investigated considering how it may be put to use by the administrator to create wanted outcomes.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121377972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Policy in the Field of Livestock and Dairy Farm","authors":"Venkata Naga Satya Surendra Chimakurthi","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v6i3.591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v6i3.591","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence is changing each and every field of the modern world and livestock is not any exception. It is greatly expected that this modern technology has the potential to bring a breakthrough in the field of livestock through combining biological information with technological advancement. Modern farms with the implementation of AI techniques are showing exceptional growth as they have improved efficiency in terms of livestock production and minimized the physical labor as well as the labor cost. Thus this sector has become more significant in world GDP. The present study is intended to highlight the principal benefits provided by AI techniques including robots, drones, and 3D printing.  Through this research, readers can get a better idea about applications of AI, its benefits and disadvantages in the field of dairy farming and livestock. It will also encourage fellow researchers to conduct such research in the future.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"18 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116640250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Image Association to URLs across CMS Websites with Unique Watermark Signatures to Identify Who Owns the Camera","authors":"Apoorva Ganapathy","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V6I3.543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V6I3.543","url":null,"abstract":"Internet is the world's network of connected computer networks. Internet means an interconnected network. It is a network of connected web servers. Internet helps data and people across the globe. Internet of things refers to network-connected things with embedded computer chips. Things on the internet would include devices enabled for internet access. IoT association of images on content management websites with unique watermark signature to account for Royal to the owner of the picture will help against piracy, copyright infringement, and misuse of photos registered with unique identification keys. This will make content management easier. It will generate revenue for the person who takes the copyrighted picture. A watermark is an embedded signature in a thing. It could be embedded in a video, image, and other file types for distinction and marking for ownership. It could be visible or invisible. It also provides a means to trace a product to the owner. This work looks into how images with watermark can be connected to the IoT for tracking and fighting piracy.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117139642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Consequences Regarding the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on International Trade","authors":"Sandesh Achar","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v6i3.634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v6i3.634","url":null,"abstract":"The consequences of this new technology for international trade have recently garnered much attention, thanks to the growing interest in AI's effects on the economy and society. Given the current reevaluation of the advantages of globalization by the world's leading nations, the focus continues to be on the policies governing international commerce. Understanding and forecasting future trade patterns is a high priority for decision-making within and between countries. This is because trade significantly impacts employment, production, pricing, and wages. Even though conventional economic models are intended to be accurate forecasters, we investigate the prospect that Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques can produce more accurate predictions and associations. In addition, we describe contextual AI algorithms that can be used to analyze trade patterns disrupted by unusual occurrences such as trade wars and pandemics. The fuel for the algorithms that can forecast, recommend, and categorize policies can only be provided by open-government data; therefore, having access to these data is vital. The information gathered for this study describes the economic elements usually linked with international trade transactions. Association Rules are used for grouping commodity pairs. Finally, models and their results are presented and then appraised in terms of the quality of their predictions and associations, with example policy implications provided. This paper explores the interlinkages between AI technologies and international trade and outlines key trade policy considerations for policymakers looking to harness AI technologies' full potential. Specifically, the paper focuses on China's efforts to develop its artificial intelligence (AI) industry.","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129784983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Information Acquisition Driven by Reinforcement in Non-Deterministic Environments","authors":"N. Bynagari, Ruhul Amin","doi":"10.18034/ajtp.v6i3.569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v6i3.569","url":null,"abstract":"What is the fastest way for an agent living in a non-deterministic Markov environment (NME) to learn about its statistical properties? The answer is to create \"optimal\" experiment sequences by carrying out action sequences that maximize expected knowledge gain. This idea is put into practice by integrating information theory and reinforcement learning techniques. Experiments demonstrate that the resulting method, reinforcement-driven information acquisition (RDIA), is substantially faster than standard random exploration for exploring particular NMEs. Exploration was studied apart from exploitation and we evaluated the performance of different reinforcement-driven information acquisition variations to that of traditional random exploration. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129950771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analysis of Trade Specialization in Bangladesh, 1996-2011","authors":"M. Sikdar","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V5I3.1130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V5I3.1130","url":null,"abstract":"Trade specialization has been studied extensively, and many researchers try to explain the patterns of the specialization and different factors that determine it. By using the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage Index and the Galtonian Regression Technique, this study tries to determine the industries with trade specialization and analyze the transformation of the pattern of trade specialization in Bangladesh in the period 1996-2011 to show how the export and import specialization of industries changed and to what extent the pattern of trade specialization in Bangladesh has been transformed during the last sixteen years. Empirical analysis showed that the export of Bangladesh consists mainly of the garment industry, and Bangladesh import products largely belong to the category of commodities for further production and the support of the exporting sector. From the Galtonian regression analysis of export and import specialization, it has been found that the level of export diversification is very low, relatively stable which is confirmed by the low mobility effect.  Bangladesh’s export specialization pattern is highly concentrated only in apparel products over the whole study period, and all other sectors contribute with a significantly smaller amount in total export share, but import is more diversified. For the development of the country, it is necessary to diversify its export basket. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114369575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimum Wage in Readymade Garments Industry in Bangladesh","authors":"M. Hasan","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V5I3.1088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V5I3.1088","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacturing Ready-Made Garment (RMG) is labour intensive and low wage based industry.  Nowhere, this industry was static or permanent basically on account of wage. As soon as any country became developed, the apparel and textile industry left that country. RMG is highly focused on the relocation of production. The relocation take place from high wage regions to low cost production regions just like water flows down-stream always. This single sector is dominating Bangladesh economy Since ‘80s. In Bangladesh different sectors have different wage levels according to the nature of job. The Minimum Wages Board recommended or re-recommended minimum wages of the 42 industrial sectors. The minimum wage of this very sector is lower than other sectors within the country and among the RMG manufacturing countries as well. On the contrary, within the country, for the same sector – RMG, there are dissimilarity in the minimum wage. Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA) declares the same for the industries inside Export Processing Zones (EPZ) which is higher than the declaration by Minimum Wage Board for outside EPZ factories. Minimum wage board has classified the non-EPZ workforces into seven grades according to their skills with seven different wage levels. Contrary, EPZs workers are divided into five categories. BEPZA has fixed higher wages and benefits compere to non-EPZ factories. Moreover, the study finds that the grading system has many loopholes which is not based on well thought and planned. There are so many posts and positions required to run an RMG factory that are not mentioned in the gazette. There is no guideline on how to measure workers’ competency for a particular grade and for how long a worker will be retained in the same grade. These loopholes are helping the employers to manipulate in determining workers’ grade. Minimum wage structure is applicable for whose positions mentioned in the gazette and entitled to all types of benefits mentioned in the law including overtime (OT) payment at double rate of wage. To avoid extra overtime payment factory management promotes or changes the designations like executive, supervisor etc. who are getting comparatively higher wage to keep them away from OT benefits. All those anomalies need to be addressed for properly. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116041169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accounting Based Return Analysis of Selected Fuel and Power Sector Companies in Bangladesh","authors":"Shamem Ara Mili, Md. Abdus Sabur, M. Islam","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V5I3.1114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V5I3.1114","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is an attempt to explore the contemporary profitability status of 5 (five) selected fuel and power sector companies enlisted in DSE, Bangladesh and the interrelationship between sales based returns (GPM, OPM, and NPM) and investment based returns (ROA and ROE) over the period of 2012 to 2016 for the same companies. Using descriptive statistics the present study has found that the profitability position of the sample companies is satisfactory, multiple correlation analysis revealed that there is a positive association between sales based returns and ROA whereas negative association between sales based returns and ROE, and the multiple regression analysis showed that 97.70 percent variance is explained by the predictors OPM, ROA, and ROE of the dependent variable OABR (overall accounting based return) in the selected fuel and power sector companies of Bangladesh. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126091937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Antecedents of Safety Performance for Malaysian Construction Industry: A Conceptual Framework","authors":"M. Chowdhury, Rusli Ahmad","doi":"10.18034/AJTP.V5I2.1074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18034/AJTP.V5I2.1074","url":null,"abstract":"This conceptual paper intends to present as a proposition of a framework to understand the antecedents of safety performance behaviors.  The elements of performance which refer to the tangible behaviors exhibited by individuals at work, safety participation and safety compliance, are crucial in maintaining safe workplace for construction industry. This article illustrates potential antecedents in determining safety performance behaviors as effect of safety leadership attributes and safety climate components based on the Wu et al. (2008) model and current literature in this field. The article contributes to a better understanding of safety situation in the construction industry through the relationships among safety leadership behaviors, safety climate components and safety performance behaviors. This paper ends with a suggestion of the conceptual framework to study the antecedents of safety performance in the context of Malaysian construction industries. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":433827,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Trade and Policy","volume":"280 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132168908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}