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Impact of Polyacrylamide Treatment on Sorptive Dynamics and Degradation of 2,4-D and Atrazine in Agricultural Soil 聚丙烯酰胺处理对农业土壤2,4- d和阿特拉津吸附动态及降解的影响
Journal of Soil Contamination Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/10588330008984180
M. E. Watwood, J. L. Kay-Shoemake
{"title":"Impact of Polyacrylamide Treatment on Sorptive Dynamics and Degradation of 2,4-D and Atrazine in Agricultural Soil","authors":"M. E. Watwood, J. L. Kay-Shoemake","doi":"10.1080/10588330008984180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330008984180","url":null,"abstract":"High-molecular-weight, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is added to irrigation water to reduce soil erosion during furrow irrigation of crops. The chemical nature of PAM, together with the observation that the polymer can be biotransformed by soil bacteria, led us to question the impact of PAM treatment on the fate of coapplied agrochemicals. The herbicides, atrazine (nonionic) and 2,4-D (anionic), were tested for pesticide sorption, desorption, and degradation in PAM-treated and untreated soils. Sorption of atrazine and 2,4-D in soil was unaffected by PAMtreatment, as was atrazine desorption. However, 2,4-D desorbedmore readily from the PAM-treated soil than from untreated soil. With respect to pesticide degradation, mineralization of the 2,4-D aromatic ring was not impacted by PAM treatment, but decarboxylation of the 2,4-D carboxylic acid side chain was significantly reduced in the PAM-treated soil. Limited mineralization (7 to 10%) of atrazine was observed in both soils. However, in PAM-treated soils atrazine conversion to 14CO2 and bound residue components was significantly reduced, and there was an increase in the level of methanol extractable metabolites. These results may indicate that PAM application can alter the environmental fate of some pesticides in soils, especially under the high dose treatment conditions examined in this study.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123525785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Uncertainty in Predicting the Rate of Mass Removal Created by Soil Vapor Extraction Systems 预测土壤蒸汽萃取系统产生的质量去除率的不确定性
Journal of Soil Contamination Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/10588330091134176
D. Barnes, D. McWhorter
{"title":"Uncertainty in Predicting the Rate of Mass Removal Created by Soil Vapor Extraction Systems","authors":"D. Barnes, D. McWhorter","doi":"10.1080/10588330091134176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330091134176","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, several soil gas flow and vapor transport numerical models have been developed for use in designing soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems. This article examines how uncertainties in soil properties, specifically permeability, corresponds to uncertainties in the prediction of mass removal rates by numerical models. Scaling equations were first derived for both relevant geometric and nongeometric modeling parameters to enable the examination of the impact of uncertainties associated with spatial variations in soil properties on the prediction of mass removal rates in a somewhat general manner. Monte Carlo analyses of volatile organic compound removal from a hypothetical contaminated soil by SVE were then used to investigate the effect of system operation time and permeability variance on the uncertainty in mass removal rates as predicted by a numerical model. Results showed that uncertainty in the predicted mass removal rate increases as both mass removal increases and as the assumed permeability variance increases. These results indicate that the design of SVE system using deterministic modeling methods may not always correlate to an effective SVE system.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131636779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Organic Contamination in Soils Associated with Cemeteries 与墓地有关的土壤中的有机污染
Journal of Soil Contamination Pub Date : 2000-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/10588330008984177
A. Spongberg, Paul M. Becks
{"title":"Organic Contamination in Soils Associated with Cemeteries","authors":"A. Spongberg, Paul M. Becks","doi":"10.1080/10588330008984177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330008984177","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the organic contaminants in soils from an older cemetery in Ohio. Thirty soil samples at various depths and distances from graves were obtained and analyzed using organic solvent extraction, concentration, and gas chromatography with mass selective detector. The signatures of methylene chloride-extracted organic compounds show interesting trends vertically within the cemetery, with less apparent horizontal trends. Alkanes in the 18 to 34 carbon number range dominated most core samples. However, the abundance of the lighter C18 to C26 alkanes is unique to the deep samples onsite. Statistically, depth is relatively unimportant in predicting the abundances of the heavier compounds, whereas distance from the nearest grave is significant to predicting the area of light and heavy alkanes. These signatures are very similar to those obtained through maturation and release of organic matter in the subsurface. Evidence indicates release of organic compounds into the surrounding vicinity of the cemetery, but not necessarily off-site.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128346060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 31
Using Short-Term Mutagenicity Tests for the Evaluation of Genotoxicity of Contaminated Soils 用短期诱变试验评价污染土壤的遗传毒性
Journal of Soil Contamination Pub Date : 1999-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/10588339991339531
K. Malachová
{"title":"Using Short-Term Mutagenicity Tests for the Evaluation of Genotoxicity of Contaminated Soils","authors":"K. Malachová","doi":"10.1080/10588339991339531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339991339531","url":null,"abstract":"The study is aimed at evaluating the genotoxicity of contaminated soils using two bacterial mutagenicity assays — the Ames test and the SOS Chromotest. Initially, attention is directed at the method of extraction of soil samples by organic solvents. The detection of mutagenicity was dependent on the type of organic solvent. Dichloromethane (DCM) proved to be a better extraction agent than acetone because it is more effective for extracting mutagenic compounds. In the second part of our study, the possibilities of using bacterial mutagenicity assays for monitoring the course and effectiveness of bio-remediation of contaminated soils were ascertained. The results of an evaluation of the genotoxicity of a residue of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that decompose with difficulty showed that a decrease in the concentration of detectable components need not always correspond to a total decrease of the mutagenic effect. Contaminants inducing SOS repair were degraded relatively quickly in soils, whereas i...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132379267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Lead Distribution and Mobility in a Soil Embankment Used as a Bullet Stop at a Shooting Range 在射击场用作弹孔的土路基中铅的分布和流动性
Journal of Soil Contamination Pub Date : 1999-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/10588339991339522
T. Astrup, Jens K. Boddum, T. H. Christensen
{"title":"Lead Distribution and Mobility in a Soil Embankment Used as a Bullet Stop at a Shooting Range","authors":"T. Astrup, Jens K. Boddum, T. H. Christensen","doi":"10.1080/10588339991339522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339991339522","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution of lead in and below a soil embankment used as a stop butt for lead bullets at a sport shooting range for more than 30 years was investigated. A vertical profile, just behind the shooting target, was mapped by 54 soil samples characterized by contents of lead bullets, soil lead, and easily leachable lead as measured in a leaching test (L/S 2). At the target, the soil contained up to 40% metallic lead and 5 to 10% lead associated with the soil particles (<2 mm). The leaching test showed concentrations of dissolved lead in the range 5 to 20 mg/l. However, in the bottom of the stop butt (about 1 m lower than the target) soil lead was only slightly elevated, and no increase in lead was found below the stop butt in the original soil profile. In the lower part of the stop butt, pH was around 5, which is considered to favor lead migration, but in the soil samples with lead bullets present pH was between 6 and 7. The elevated pH values, probably caused by the corrosion of lead bullets, may have b...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130779000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 56
Stabilization of Oxidic Tailings and Contaminated Soils by Calcium Oxyphosphate Addition: The Case of Montevecchio (Sardinia, Italy) 氧磷酸钙对氧化尾矿和污染土壤的稳定作用——以意大利撒丁岛蒙特维奇奥为例
Journal of Soil Contamination Pub Date : 1999-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/10588339991339540
A. Xenidis, C. Stouraiti, I. Paspaliaris
{"title":"Stabilization of Oxidic Tailings and Contaminated Soils by Calcium Oxyphosphate Addition: The Case of Montevecchio (Sardinia, Italy)","authors":"A. Xenidis, C. Stouraiti, I. Paspaliaris","doi":"10.1080/10588339991339540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339991339540","url":null,"abstract":"The effectiveness of an in situ heavy metals fixation technique aimed at converting contaminants to low solubility and low bioavail-ability forms, eliminating the risk posed by oxidic tailings and contaminated soils, was investigated. Calcium oxyphosphate salt (Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O) was used as a stabilizing agent for oxidic tailings and contaminated soils originating from Montevecchio, Sardinia, Italy. Stabilization was effected by mixing the contaminated soil or oxidic tailing sample with calcium oxyphosphate salt at various doses. The effectiveness of stabilization was evaluated by USEPA TCLP standard toxicity testing. Complementary EDTA extraction tests and biological tests using beans Phaseolous vulgaris as plant indicator were carried out. The toxicity of Pb and Cd was reduced below TCLP regulatory limits at calcium oxyphosphate doses higher than 0.7 and 0.2% w/w for soils and tailings, respectively. Lead solubility according to the EDTA test decreased with phosphate dose for both materials tested. Lead u...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126128809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Optimization of 2-D Electrode Configuration for Electrokinetic Remediation 电动力学修复的二维电极结构优化
Journal of Soil Contamination Pub Date : 1999-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/10588339991339504
A. Alshawabkeh, R. J. Gale, E. Ozsu-Acar, R. Bricka
{"title":"Optimization of 2-D Electrode Configuration for Electrokinetic Remediation","authors":"A. Alshawabkeh, R. J. Gale, E. Ozsu-Acar, R. Bricka","doi":"10.1080/10588339991339504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339991339504","url":null,"abstract":"A practical evaluation of one- and two-dimensional applications of electric fields for in situ extraction of contaminants is provided. The evaluation is based on contaminant transport by electroosmosis and ion migration. Parameters evaluated include electrode requirements, effectiveness of electric field distribution, remediation time, and energy expenditure. Formulation is provided for calculating cost components of the process, including electrode, energy, chemicals, posttreatment, fixed, and variable costs. Equations are also provided for evaluating optimum electrode spacings based on energy and time requirements. The derivations show that spacing between same-polarity electrodes is as significant in cost calculations and in process effectiveness as that between anodes and cathodes. Decreasing the same-polarity electrode spacing to half the anode-cathode spacing will result in a 100% increase in electrode requirements, but will decrease the area of the ineffective electric field by one half. Selection ...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127242743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 86
Areal Extent of Preferential Flow with Profile Depth in Sand and Clay Monoliths 砂土巨石中随剖面深度优先流动的面积范围
Journal of Soil Contamination Pub Date : 1999-11-01 DOI: 10.1080/10588339991339513
L. Bergström, A. Shirmohammadi
{"title":"Areal Extent of Preferential Flow with Profile Depth in Sand and Clay Monoliths","authors":"L. Bergström, A. Shirmohammadi","doi":"10.1080/10588339991339513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339991339513","url":null,"abstract":"During recent years much attention has been focused on the role of large pores in soil as a preferred route for solute movement. However, most studies have failed to relate the macropore areal extent to profile depth, which was done in this study. The areal extent of pores participating in displacement of water and contaminants with soil depth and its hydrological significance was investigated in two texturally different soils, both under ponded and transient flow conditions. Soil monoliths (1 m long, 0.3 m diameter) of a clay soil and a sandy soil were used for this purpose. Water (100 mm) stained with acid red (azophloxine) at a concentration of 3.8 g/L was applied to each monolith under the two hydro-logically different regimes. Subsequently, they were cut in 0.1-m increments and each transect was examined visually and recorded graphically for the areal extent of stained soil. A considerably larger area was stained at each depth in the sand compared with the clay soil, for example, around 83 and 22% at...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124910065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
A Methodology for Establishing Cleanup Objectives in the Unsaturated Soil Zone Using Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis for Chemical Fate and Transport 非饱和土壤区化学物质迁移的敏感性和不确定性分析方法研究
Journal of Soil Contamination Pub Date : 1999-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10588339991339478
D. M. Hetrick, Atul Pandey
{"title":"A Methodology for Establishing Cleanup Objectives in the Unsaturated Soil Zone Using Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis for Chemical Fate and Transport","authors":"D. M. Hetrick, Atul Pandey","doi":"10.1080/10588339991339478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339991339478","url":null,"abstract":"To support the Corrective-Measures and Cleanup-Alternatives Studies (CMS) prepared by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PORTS) in Portsmouth, Ohio, a soil-leaching numerical analysis was conducted to help establish cleanup objectives for deep-soil contamination. For approximately 60 pollutants that exist at the PORTS site, the study defined those deep-soil concentrations that would most likely not cause groundwater contamination in excess of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines. These values were then used as the technical basis for defining soil-cleanup goals. Numerical modeling of environmental systems provides project managers with unique information that is not available from other sources. With its ability to quantify the important aspects of problem physics, modeling allows one to rapidly accumulate the physical insight needed to solve a problem in a systematic and focused manner. This increased understanding acquired ...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123735406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Microwave-Assisted Process (MAPTM) for the Extraction of Contaminants from Soil 微波辅助法(MAPTM)从土壤中提取污染物
Journal of Soil Contamination Pub Date : 1999-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10588339991339487
M. Punt, G. Raghavan, J. Bélanger, J. Paré
{"title":"Microwave-Assisted Process (MAPTM) for the Extraction of Contaminants from Soil","authors":"M. Punt, G. Raghavan, J. Bélanger, J. Paré","doi":"10.1080/10588339991339487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588339991339487","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory-scale tests were performed to evaluate the use of Environment Canada's patented Microwave-Assisted Process (MAPTM) for the extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil. The purpose of these tests was to determine the potential for using the process for large-scale processing of contaminated soil. Tests were performed using three soil types: a certified sediment and certified soil, both contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and spiked peat soil contaminated with long-chain petroleum hydrocarbons. The test methods used were based on existing MAP techniques that have been proven for the sample preparation of contaminated soils for analytical purposes. The parameters evaluated concentrated on those that are amenable to a continuous large-scale process running at atmospheric pressures. This meant using solvents that are inexpensive and readily available in large volumes, low solvent to material ratios, and optimized energy inputs. In general, it was found that mic...","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132110732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
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