{"title":"Chapter 5. Shear Thinning Hydrogel-based 3D Tissue Modelling","authors":"Christopher D. Lindsay, S. Heilshorn","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00094","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogels are water-swollen, crosslinked polymer networks that can be widely tuned to fit many applications. Hydrogels have been used as tissue engineering platforms for decades, but have not been widely adopted as inks for 3D bioprinting. Compared to the more common liquid solution phase (sol-phase) bioinks, hydrogel (gel-phase) bioinks have many advantages, which will be discussed in Section 1. Section 2 will describe how gel-phase inks can be tuned to include important bioactive cues for specific tissue engineering applications. In Section 3, different crosslinking strategies and materials will be presented for the creation of gel-phase bioinks. Finally, Section 4 will discuss how gel-phase bioinks can be used to create complex structures that are required for the future of advanced medicine.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126541086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Costantini, Stefano Testa, Chiara Rinoldi, Nehar Celikkin, J. Idaszek, C. Colosi, A. Barbetta, C. Gargioli, W. Świȩszkowski
{"title":"Chapter 9. 3D Tissue Modelling of Skeletal Muscle Tissue","authors":"M. Costantini, Stefano Testa, Chiara Rinoldi, Nehar Celikkin, J. Idaszek, C. Colosi, A. Barbetta, C. Gargioli, W. Świȩszkowski","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00184","url":null,"abstract":"Skeletal muscle tissue exhibits an endogenous ability to regenerate. However, the self-repair mechanism is restricted only to minor damage. The increasing number of extensive injuries of skeletal muscles due to various accidents, a more active life-style or cancer resection, combined with the shortcomings of conventional treatment procedures, creates a demand for new, more advanced solutions. Muscle tissue engineering (TE) appears a promising strategy for the fabrication of tissue substitutes from biomaterials, cells and bioactive factors, alone or combined. In this chapter, we present current state of the art of regeneration and engineering of skeletal muscle tissue. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to the structure and functions of skeletal muscle tissue, followed by discussion of cells with potential for repair of muscle injuries and dysfunctions. Next, we provide an overview of natural and synthetic biomaterials used in skeletal muscle TE, as well as description of techniques used to process the biomaterials into scaffolds. We also highlight the importance of mechanical and electrical stimulation during in vitro culture and their effect on cell differentiation and maturation. Last but not least, the latest results of in vivo studies are reported. The chapter is concluded with a short summary and outlook on future developments.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125945333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanskrita Das, Ge Gao, Jae Yeon Lee, Jinah Jang, Cho Dong-Woo
{"title":"Chapter 7. Decellularized Tissue Matrix-based 3D Tissue Modeling","authors":"Sanskrita Das, Ge Gao, Jae Yeon Lee, Jinah Jang, Cho Dong-Woo","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00148","url":null,"abstract":"The extracellular matrix (ECM), which is ubiquitously present in tissues and organs, is an intricate network composed of multi-domain macromolecules, such as proteins, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. These molecules assemble in varied proportions, structures, and orientations in different tissues, providing unique biochemical cues and biophysical signals to regulate tissue-specific cellular behaviors. Decellularized ECM (dECM) refers to a category of biomaterials acquired from natural tissues subjected to a combination of decellularization treatments that preserve ECM components and inherent structures eliminating cellular substances. dECM has been considered as one of the most promising biomaterials for recreating functional 3D tissue models because of its superior capacity to comprehensively mimic the original tissue microenvironment. In this chapter, we introduce the structural and functional role of natural ECMs and summarize the representative decellularization and evaluation methods. We also focus on recent applications of dECM in tissue engineering using traditional approaches (e.g., implantable sheets and injectable hydrogels) and 3D cell printing technology.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129994804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter 16. Ethics of Using Human Cells/Tissues for 3D Tissue Models","authors":"J. Lim, D. Kim, S. H. Park, S. Kim","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00329","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional (3D) human cell or tissue model systems provide a cellular microenvironment emulating native tissues in the human biology. These tissue engineering systems have been developed to investigate the efficacy and safety of new drugs, with the goal of conducting clinical trials of engineered human 3D tissues. Although research and commercialization are moving at a rapid pace, the ethical issues surrounding this technology have not been addressed on a commensurate time scale. The identification of the ethical concerns with this technology is not only a social responsibility but also in the interest of the future of this technology. Here, we discuss the ethical issues associated with human 3D tissue and organ modeling.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125807996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter 15. 3D Tissue Models for Toxicology","authors":"G. Skeldon, D. Hay, W. Shu","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00312","url":null,"abstract":"In chemical development, a product's potential toxic effects on life must be analysed before it can be used. This study of toxicology often utilises in vitro and in vivo models, but both have significant drawbacks. Current in vitro models are often simplistic and two-dimensional (2D), whereas in vivo models pose economic and ethical concerns. The burgeoning field of biofabrication has allowed production of more physiological relevant, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, which can reduce the use of animal models. This chapter will detail the various tissues that have been modelled in 3D for toxicology research using biofabrication, and their benefits over current 2D in vitro models.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"59 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132463671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Jung, H. Park, Kyuhwan Na, Hyunho Kim, Jihoon Yang, Seok Chung
{"title":"Chapter 14. 3D Tissue Model of Cancers","authors":"Y. Jung, H. Park, Kyuhwan Na, Hyunho Kim, Jihoon Yang, Seok Chung","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00294","url":null,"abstract":"From petri dish culture methods to 3D organoid generation, recent developments in modeling tissues in 3D have granted us the opportunity to explore more about cancer. In order to be part of a functional organism, individual cells require careful regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Cancer, however, does not require this regulation, therefore growing and dividing in uncontrolled manner that leads to malfunction within the body. Because of the chaotic characteristics of cancer, having a closely-mimicking cancer model is crucial. Even though many great discoveries have resulted from conventional culture methods of flask and petri dish, far greater and in vivo-like advancements have been achieved since the onset of 3D tissue modeling of cancer.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132323512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun-ho Heo, Kyungha Kim, Suhyun Park, Noehyun Myung, Hyun-Wook Kang
{"title":"Chapter 11. 3D Tissue Modeling of Skin Tissue","authors":"Jun-ho Heo, Kyungha Kim, Suhyun Park, Noehyun Myung, Hyun-Wook Kang","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00233","url":null,"abstract":"The skin is the largest organ of the body. As it is the first line of defense from the external environment, it is the most vulnerable organ to injury. In 2016, there were 500 000 burn patients, and they incurred astronomical medical costs. Researchers have studied a wide range of treatments for skin injuries, including wound dressing, skin tissue engineering, and cell sheets. However, there are limitations to these treatments. They cannot regenerate the full thickness of the skin or heal extensive burn wounds. Many researchers are working towards developing skin bioprinting, which is a promising technology that can potentially be applied to overcome the limitations of current burn treatments. One of the key advantages of this technology is that it can be used to produce biomimetic artificial skin with multiple types of skin cells. Hence, various studies have been conducted using bioprinting technology to generate advanced biomimetic and functional skins containing vasculature, pigmentation, sweat glands and hair follicles. The resulting skin substitutes are expected to have a range of applications including cosmetics, skin disease modeling and drug development. In this chapter, we will review progress in bioprinting technology relating to manufacturing artificial skins.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114780724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter 3. Microfluidic Platforms for Biofabrication and 3D Tissue Modeling","authors":"Minghao Nie, S. Takeuchi","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00049","url":null,"abstract":"The function of mammalian tissue relies greatly on the microscale tissue architecture into which specific types of cells are three-dimensionally arranged. To replicate these microscale tissue architectures and observe cell behaviors inside these architectures, techniques for handling, observing and stimulating the cells with microscale resolution are required; microfluidic technology—the technology that deals with the behavior, precise control, and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small scale—is one of the most promising candidate technologies for the fabrication and modeling of three-dimensional (3D) tissues with microscale architectures. In this book chapter, we report the recent progresses of biofabrication and 3D tissue modeling utilizing microfluidic platforms. We cover the applications of microfluidic platforms in the following two aspects: (1) microfluidic biofabrication platforms to fabricate microtissues such as cell-laden beads, cell-laden fibers and cell-laden sheets with high throughput and precise patterning of cells; (2) tissue-on-a-chip and organ-on-a-chip platforms to perform on-chip housing/installation, sensing and stimulation of tissues for 3D tissue modeling.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130636204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter 6. Polymers in Biofabrication and 3D Tissue Modelling","authors":"F. Melchels","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00119","url":null,"abstract":"Biofabrication and 3D tissue modelling without employing polymers is near-unthinkable. The vast majority of biomaterials used in this field are polymeric in nature, and range from hard, synthetic polymers for structural integrity and mechanical support, to soft, water-swollen naturally-derived hydrogels that mimic the extracellular matrix and provide biochemical cues to encapsulated cells. This chapter aims to provide insights on the use of polymer biomaterials for biofabrication and 3D tissue modelling, going beyond an exhibit of examples found in literature. Its main focus is to elucidate how polymer properties govern their behaviour in the context of biofabrication and 3D tissue modelling, and to explain the functions they serve. This will not only explain why certain polymer biomaterials have been employed so far, but it will also guide future material selection and development towards specific applications.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"2019 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127510027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter 10. 3D Tissue Modelling of Orthopaedic Tissues","authors":"Ramya Bojedla, S. Chameettachal, Falguni Pati","doi":"10.1039/9781788012683-00216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788012683-00216","url":null,"abstract":"Bones are organs of the skeletal system, providing shape, mechanical support and facilitating movement. They are well known for their self-healing abilities; however, large-scale bone defects cannot be healed completely by the body, and in most cases, external intervention is needed to repair the defects. Among different treatment options such as autografts and allografts, bone tissue engineering is becoming widespread. The essential idea is to apply the concepts of tissue engineering, i.e. the interplay of cells, scaffolds and biological molecules to form a ‘tissue engineering construct’ (TEC), which can promote bone repair and regeneration. The key players in bringing research and clinical practice together are the design and manufacturing technologies. The ability of 3D printing technology to make customized medical devices will make it the core manufacturing technology for bone tissue engineering in future generations.","PeriodicalId":433412,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials Science Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114328739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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