Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal最新文献_第3页

Introduction: Sugar and Slaves after Fifty Years 引言:五十年后的糖和奴隶

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Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2022.0018

T. Burnard, A. Games

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"Sad as Horrour, Black as Hell": The Parke Murder, the Catiline Conspiracy, and the Wentworth Execution “悲伤如恐怖，黑如地狱”:帕克谋杀案，卡提林阴谋和温特沃斯处决

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Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2022.0028

Natalie A. Zacek

{"title":"\"Sad as Horrour, Black as Hell\": The Parke Murder, the Catiline Conspiracy, and the Wentworth Execution","authors":"Natalie A. Zacek","doi":"10.1353/eam.2022.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2022.0028","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The 1710 assassination of Daniel Parke, the royal governor of the English colony of the Leeward Islands, was a sensational event, especially as the killers were not rebellious enslaved people or foreign attackers but instead some of the wealthiest and most respected white men of the Antiguan plantocracy. This murder has been described as one of \"the most lurid episodes in English Caribbean history,\" an occurrence that \"summed up many long years of life on the tropical firing line.\" But although the murder of a colonial governor, a man who had been appointed as the sovereign's personal representative within this colony, was deeply shocking to Englishmen at home and abroad, it was not as unprecedented as it might seem initially. An obscure and anonymous text that circulated in London soon afterward shows that Parke's assassination could be incorporated into the histories of the ancient world and earlier Stuart England alike. The epic poem Forty One in Miniature offers a prism through which readers can better understand the political culture of the eighteenth-century English Caribbean, helping them to appreciate its relationship to metropolitan values and practices.","PeriodicalId":43255,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80563972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Aeolian Geographies, Daily Life, and Empire Building in the English Caribbean 英国加勒比海的风成地理、日常生活和帝国建设

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Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2022.0025

Mary S. Draper

{"title":"Aeolian Geographies, Daily Life, and Empire Building in the English Caribbean","authors":"Mary S. Draper","doi":"10.1353/eam.2022.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2022.0025","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Knowledge of daily winds—gained from prolonged residence in the region—shaped life in the seventeenth-century English Caribbean. As colonists gathered, recorded, and deployed knowledge about breezes, winds, and gales, they learned the peculiar aeolian geographies of the Caribbean. In this maritime space, wind distorted distance. It took longer to sail one direction than the other. This article charts how colonists gradually adapted their economic, social, and material worlds to the rhythms of the winds. They came to realize that winds dictated sailing times, routed travel, scheduled commerce, and informed how and where colonists built structures, especially fortifications. It took even longer, though, for officials in London to grasp winds' power over daily life in—and the geography of—the Caribbean. Lack of lived experience in the Caribbean initially stymied metropolitan efforts to understand the region's climatic realities. Through continued correspondence with island residents throughout the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, metropolitan officials learned the importance of aeolian knowledge to maritime affairs. As it circulated in letters, reports, and maps, this knowledge became crucial to the commercial and military success of the British Empire, especially as that empire expanded in the eighteenth century.","PeriodicalId":43255,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82991945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"Greater Numbers of Fair and Lovely Women": White Women and the Barbadian Demographic Crisis, 1673–1715 “更多美丽可爱的女性”:白人女性和巴巴多斯人口危机，1673-1715

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Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2022.0023

Emily Sackett

{"title":"\"Greater Numbers of Fair and Lovely Women\": White Women and the Barbadian Demographic Crisis, 1673–1715","authors":"Emily Sackett","doi":"10.1353/eam.2022.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2022.0023","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:In Sugar and Slaves, Richard Dunn used the 1680 census of Barbados to depict the island as a place where stunted population growth and brittle bonds of community plagued the island's white settler society. Dunn attributed Barbados's demographic disruption to low marriage and nuptiality rates. However, by reexamining population reports from Barbados between 1673 and 1715, \"Greater Numbers of Fair and Lovely Women\" reveals that low nuptiality and birth rates were symptoms of a greater problem: Barbados was hemorrhaging white men. Between 1673 and 1715, the number of white women and children on Barbados remained stable, while more than four thousand men drained from the colony. This new demographic analysis of late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Barbados explores how white women came to form the foundation of their communities as white men left the island to seek new opportunities. Despite Barbados's reputation as a masculine and exploitative space largely bereft of the \"civilizing\" influence of white women and families, by the turn of the eighteenth century, the preservation of Barbados's settler society had fallen almost entirely to white women.","PeriodicalId":43255,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72950754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Distance and Blame: The Rise of the English Planter Class 距离与指责:英国种植园阶级的兴起

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Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2022.0019

C. G. Pestana

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The Rise of "King Sugar" and Enslaved Labor in Early English Jamaica 早期英属牙买加“糖王”的兴起和奴役劳工

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Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2022.0020

Nuala Zahedieh

{"title":"The Rise of \"King Sugar\" and Enslaved Labor in Early English Jamaica","authors":"Nuala Zahedieh","doi":"10.1353/eam.2022.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2022.0020","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Richard S. Dunn's portrayal of the rise of \"king sugar\" in the early English West Indies accords the crop a deterministic role in the entire region's development with a sugar revolution used to explain broad patterns of economic and social change: above all the shift from indentured to enslaved labor. The sugar revolution concept, despite rigorous reassessment, retains purchase and the broad historiography follows Dunn's claim that, after a brief period of plunder, Jamaica settled into sugar monoculture by the 1690s to give rise to \"the starkest and most exploitive slave system in British America.\" This article draws on research of the last fifty years and new data to reassess this narrative and finds it wanting. Trade and population figures show that \"king sugar\" was no victor in early English Jamaica, which was a dual economy with a relatively small-scale, diversified agricultural sector alongside a strong entrepôt trade with the adjacent Spanish empire. Nonetheless, this diverse economy rapidly became a fully fledged slave society, in which the unfree outnumbered the free by 1673, and a harsh regulatory regime was put in place. The experience of the enslaved was far more varied than is commonly understood, and the complexities, contradictions, and collaborations involved in the process of building Jamaica's uniquely exploitive labor regime cannot be explained by a sugar revolution.","PeriodicalId":43255,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79517806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

"The Native Produce of this Island": Processes of Invention in Early Barbados “本岛的土产”:早期巴巴多斯的发明过程

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Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2022.0027

Jordan B. Smith

{"title":"\"The Native Produce of this Island\": Processes of Invention in Early Barbados","authors":"Jordan B. Smith","doi":"10.1353/eam.2022.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2022.0027","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Starting in the 1620s, Englishmen, enslaved Africans, and Indigenous people from the greater Caribbean lived and labored on the Caribbean island of Barbados. Through free and forced migrations, they carried unique understandings of how to make and consume alcohol with them. Once on Barbados, American, African, and European ideas and technologies coexisted and sometimes intersected. By the 1640s, rum emerged from this maelstrom—it was an invention of the Atlantic world. A close examination of the alcohols that early inhabitants made and consumed complicates assumptions that ideas and innovations from one region could conquer the Atlantic world. It unveils how the colonization of Barbados and attendant enslavement of African and Indigenous people unleashed the creative collisions of skilled practitioners, agricultural products, technologies, and ideas surrounding consumption. Initially designed to satisfy local tastes, tracing the processes of invention surrounding rum and other alcoholic beverages demonstrates how experimentation and the development of taste preceded commodification. Understanding how rum became the \"native produce\" of Barbados shows us how cross-cultural interactions in the early modern Caribbean—which tied together the broader Atlantic world—created new worlds for all.","PeriodicalId":43255,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83688275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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"Mutation in Dominion" or Revolution? The American Revolution as Seen from Papal Rome “自治领的突变”还是“革命”?从罗马教皇的视角看美国革命

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Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2022.0014

A. Vincenzi

{"title":"\"Mutation in Dominion\" or Revolution? The American Revolution as Seen from Papal Rome","authors":"A. Vincenzi","doi":"10.1353/eam.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article explores the way in which the papacy and public opinion in the Papal States interpreted the American Revolution. It also considers how those interpretations evolved between the beginning of the AngloAmerican crisis and the invasion of the Papal States by the French revolutionary armies in 1798. The article shows that papal officials were not worried that the American Revolution might become the beginning of a broader wave of revolutions—of an \"Age of Revolution,\" as historians call it today. They understood the events in America as little more than a \"mutation in dominion\" and an opportunity for the Holy See to obtain protections for North American Catholics' freedom of worship. Holy See views of the events in America, however, started to evolve after the outbreak of the French Revolution, which introduced a new notion of \"revolution\" and turned what had been papal pragmatism and flexibility into firm conservatism. By reconstructing this process, the article undermines traditional views of the eighteenth-century papacy as inherently opposed to all kinds of social and political change and as a naturally counterrevolutionary actor. It also calls into question the notion that the American Revolution marked the beginning of the \"Age of Revolution.\"","PeriodicalId":43255,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83921911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Remembering the Ladies: Eighteenth-Century Female Letter Writers and Patriarchy 铭记女性:18世纪女性写信人与父权制

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Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2022.0017

Conor Howard

{"title":"Remembering the Ladies: Eighteenth-Century Female Letter Writers and Patriarchy","authors":"Conor Howard","doi":"10.1353/eam.2022.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2022.0017","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article examines how elite, white women in England and New England participated in the construction of masculinity during the long eighteenth century. In their correspondences, elite women frequently expressed their ideas about what an ideal man should be. In letters to their female friends and family members, they offered examples of men whom they thought either embodied their high ideals or who served as ideal counterexamples. In their letters to their sons and younger male relatives, these letter writers were often very direct in offering their opinions and guidance on how to be good men and good patriarchs. None of the letter writers examined in this article overtly challenged the patriarchal social order in which they lived. Rather, these privileged women championed values like attention to the home and Christian morality that enabled their elite, male kin to become successful providers, heads of households, and leaders in their communities. This was no less true in the new United States after 1783 than in England in the 1740s, suggesting a long-lived pattern of elite women's role in ensuring the continuity of patriarchal societies, even if some aspects of the ideal man did change over time.","PeriodicalId":43255,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83642682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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A "Supposititious Enumeration": The Role of Population Estimates at the 1787 Constitutional Convention “假设性枚举”:人口估计在1787年制宪会议中的作用

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Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/eam.2022.0015

Robert J. Gough

{"title":"A \"Supposititious Enumeration\": The Role of Population Estimates at the 1787 Constitutional Convention","authors":"Robert J. Gough","doi":"10.1353/eam.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The delegates to the Federal Convention of 1787 needed to know the population of the United States in order to distribute representation. They faced problems, however, in doing so. They had only fragmentary and often outdated census estimates. Some delegates unhelpfully withheld information from their colleagues about their state's population. The legacy of the Confederation Congress influenced them to be more concerned about the relative rather than the absolute size of states' populations. For whatever reasons, the population estimates of states which circulated among them disagreed among themselves. Furthermore, skepticism about quantification remained strong, and the ability of the delegates to do numerical analysis was limited. Consequently, the population estimates they put in the Constitution were significantly revised by the Census of 1790, but because of ambiguities in the Constitution about apportionment, Congress struggled to reallocate representation. In sum, numbers were malleable agents in shaping Constitutional affairs in transactional ways, not precise yardsticks to resolve conflicts. The gradual introduction of quantification into public affairs in the late-eighteenth century, represented by the creation of the United States census, increased contentiousness rather than resolved differences. These events remind Americans in the twenty-first century that counting the nation's population has always been a difficult and contentious endeavor.","PeriodicalId":43255,"journal":{"name":"Early American Studies-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86737973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0