CALIFORNIA HISTORY最新文献

{"title":"The California Indian Scalp Bounty Myth","authors":"M. Magliari","doi":"10.1525/ch.2023.100.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"In the often contentious and acrimonious debates over whether the Golden State’s Indigenous peoples were targeted for genocide by white Euro-Americans between 1846 and 1873, inflammatory scalp bounty accusations against the state of California have become a staple of public discourse. California is frequently accused by public leaders, political activists, academic scholars, and others of once having paid cash rewards ranging anywhere from twenty-five cents to twenty-five dollars for Indian scalps, heads, and other body parts in order to wage a deliberate “war of extermination” against its Native peoples. So routinely are these allegations made that they now go largely uncontested and appear to have won nearly universal acceptance as established historical facts. These “facts,” however, are false. The state of California never offered, let alone actually paid, cash bounties for Native American scalps, heads, or other body parts. And, despite numerous similar claims to the contrary, neither did any county—nor, with one possible exception, did any incorporated town or city. Nevertheless, thanks in large part to repeated and unchallenged assertions based on very faulty scholarship, scalp bounty allegations have been allowed to evolve over the past thirty years to become a popular but polarizing myth that serves mainly to inflame public passions and to frustrate rational discourse in what are frequently bruising public quarrels over vital contemporary issues such as tribal sovereignty, reparations for past injustices, casino gaming regulation, and, of course, disputed points of historical interpretation central to the genocide debate. This essay traces the evolution of the pervasive California Indian scalp bounty myth from its origins in the 1990s and examines the numerous different versions that its propagators have put forth over time, despite a near-total lack of concrete supporting evidence. Although scalping itself was widely practiced by state militiamen and volunteer “Indian fighters” like the infamous Jackson Farley and Hi Good, the taking of corporal trophies in California’s genocidal frontier wars did not result from the pursuit of financial reward. Indeed, the remarkably small number of documented cases reveals that Indian scalp bounties remained extremely rare in gold rush California and were seldom offered anywhere except in a scattered handful of isolated and unincorporated rural communities.","PeriodicalId":43253,"journal":{"name":"CALIFORNIA HISTORY","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80030095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review: A Place at the Nayarit: How a Mexican Restaurant Nourished a Community, by Natalia Molina","authors":"J. Pilcher","doi":"10.1525/ch.2023.100.3.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.3.114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43253,"journal":{"name":"CALIFORNIA HISTORY","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78663000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Place Matters","authors":"Carol Lynn McKibben","doi":"10.1525/ch.2023.100.4.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.4.72","url":null,"abstract":"Place matters. In analyzing historical events and rights movements, we need to pay close attention to the divergent locales where they happened. This article focuses on one such event, the lettuce workers’ strike of 1936, as it played out in Salinas, California. The setting of Salinas made a difference in labor relations and race relations, both in the way the strike came about and, just as importantly, in how and why it was ended. Strikers and their adversaries (growers and labor contractors) were multiracial and multiethnic but shared a common bond in their deep attachment to the city of Salinas. They knew one another intimately and had every incentive to heal the breach.","PeriodicalId":43253,"journal":{"name":"CALIFORNIA HISTORY","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135561153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review: Who Killed Jane Stanford? A Gilded Age Tale of Murder, Deceit, Spirits, and the Birth of a University, by Richard White","authors":"R. Cherny","doi":"10.1525/ch.2023.100.2.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.2.105","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43253,"journal":{"name":"CALIFORNIA HISTORY","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72617286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Letter from the American Historical Association to California’s Placentia–Yorba Linda Unified School District","authors":"J. Grossman","doi":"10.1525/ch.2023.100.2.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.2.78","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43253,"journal":{"name":"CALIFORNIA HISTORY","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72641955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review: Backcountry Ghosts: California Homesteaders and the Making of a Dubious Dream, by Josh Sides","authors":"P. Rhode","doi":"10.1525/ch.2022.99.3.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2022.99.3.81","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43253,"journal":{"name":"CALIFORNIA HISTORY","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90511769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Decline of the Northern California Indian Association","authors":"Larisa K. Miller","doi":"10.1525/ch.2022.99.3.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2022.99.3.25","url":null,"abstract":"Thousands of Indians in Northern California were landless, impoverished, and all but forgotten at the turn of the twentieth century. The Northern California Indian Association (NCIA), formed by Christian women in the Santa Clara Valley, sought to improve conditions for these people and spurred the federal government to provide them with land. After fifteen years of success and growth, in the 1910s the NCIA pivoted from supporting direct fieldwork among the Indians to establishing an Indian industrial school near Sacramento. A fire at the school in 1917 caused a devastating setback for the association. Despite having the financial health to survive this loss, the NCIA struggled to carry on. Decreasing membership numbers and an aging leadership indicated critical weaknesses in the organization. World War I and secularization exacerbated these structural problems. The NCIA viewed the emergence of a new organization, the Indian Board of Co-operation, founded by Frederick Collett and Beryl Bishop-Collett, as a significant threat. Frederick Collett accused NCIA members of subverting the fledgling board by maligning the Colletts among government Indian agents, attempting to prevent the board’s participation at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, and urging the courts to remove a foster child from the Colletts’ care. With few voices advocating for the Indians of Northern California during this period, the NCIA succeeded in influencing government policy and shaping federal Indian policies and programs. The NCIA’s decline allowed a new organization to press for a new round of federal assistance while pushing state and local officials to take greater responsibility for California’s Indigenous peoples.","PeriodicalId":43253,"journal":{"name":"CALIFORNIA HISTORY","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80447306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“The Selling of American Girls”","authors":"Catherine Christensen Gwin","doi":"10.1525/ch.2022.99.1.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2022.99.1.30","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how white slave narratives in California helped inscribe social, cultural, and institutional divides at the U.S.-Mexico border during the Progressive Era. The predicament of American prostitution in Mexicali and Tijuana amplified fears of interracial sex, which readily translated into hysteria over white slavery throughout California. Consequently, concerned citizens decried the so-called trafficking of American girls at the border and contributed to growing demands for a more rigid international boundary. As such, this panic over white slavery and the “protection of white womanhood” helped construct both figurative and literal borders between the United States and Mexico between 1910 and 1930, an era recognized by scholars as a critical moment in the social reordering of California’s nonwhite inhabitants. Analysis of local newspapers, club records, vice reports, reformers’ correspondence, and government documents reveal that the ascription of racial difference rested upon lurid portrayals of sexual deviance in border towns—particularly among African Americans and the Chinese. Such representations colored the Mexican border, and perhaps Mexicans themselves, as menacing to both American women and the nation itself. These stories galvanized support for closing and fortifying the U.S.-Mexico line early in the century.","PeriodicalId":43253,"journal":{"name":"CALIFORNIA HISTORY","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82445601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review: Economic Poisoning: Industrial Waste and the Chemicalization of American Agriculture, by Adam M. Romero","authors":"M. Mart","doi":"10.1525/ch.2022.99.4.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2022.99.4.113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43253,"journal":{"name":"CALIFORNIA HISTORY","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75291455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review: Climate Stewardship: Taking Collective Action to Protect California, by Adina Merenlender with Brendan Buhler","authors":"T. J. Osborne","doi":"10.1525/ch.2022.99.4.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2022.99.4.117","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43253,"journal":{"name":"CALIFORNIA HISTORY","volume":"46 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82743488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}