Emily Kilroy, Collin Y Liu, Lirong Yan, Yoon Chun Kim, Mirella Dapretto, Mario F Mendez, Danny J J Wang
{"title":"Relationships between Cerebral Blood Flow and IQ in Typically Developing Children and Adolescents.","authors":"Emily Kilroy, Collin Y Liu, Lirong Yan, Yoon Chun Kim, Mirella Dapretto, Mario F Mendez, Danny J J Wang","doi":"10.17791/jcs.2011.12.2.151","DOIUrl":"10.17791/jcs.2011.12.2.151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to explore the relationships between IQ and cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured by arterial spin labeling (ASL) in children and adolescents. ASL was used to collect perfusion MRI data on 39 healthy participants aged 7 to 17. The Wechsler Abbreviated Intelligence Scale was administered to determine IQ scores. Multivariate regression was applied to reveal correlations between CBF and IQ scores, accounting for age, sex and global mean CBF. Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) analysis, which measures regional cortical volume, was performed as a control. Regression analyses were further performed on CBF data with adjustment of regional gray matter density (GMD). A positive correlation between CBF and IQ scores was primarily seen in the subgenual/anterior cingulate, right orbitofrontal, superior temporal and right inferior parietal regions. An inverse relationship between CBF and IQ was mainly observed in bilateral posterior temporal regions. After adjusting for regional GMD, the correlations between CBF and IQ in the subgenual/anterior cingulate cortex, right orbitofrontal, superior temporal regions and left insula remained significant. These findings support the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory of intelligence, especially the role of the subgenual/anterior cingulate cortex in the neural networks associated with intelligence. The present study also demonstrates the unique value of CBF in assessing brain-behavior relationships, in addition to structural morphometric measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":43246,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":"12 2","pages":"151-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749787/pdf/nihms361046.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31683963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Syntactic Cues to Individuation in Mandarin Chinese.","authors":"Pierina Cheung, David Barner, Peggy Li","doi":"10.17791/jcs.2009.10.2.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17791/jcs.2009.10.2.135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When presented with an entity (e.g., a wooden honey-dipper) labeled with a novel noun, how does a listener know that the noun refers to an instance of an object kind (honey-dipper) rather than to a substance kind (wood)? While English speakers draw upon count-mass syntax for clues to the noun's meaning, linguists have proposed that classifier languages, which lack count-mass syntax, provide other syntactic cues. Three experiments tested Mandarin-speakers' sensitivity to the diminutive suffix -zi and the general classifier ge when interpreting novel nouns. Experiment 1 found that -zi occurs more frequently with nouns that denote object kinds. Experiment 2 demonstrated Mandarin-speaking adults' sensitivity to ge and -zi when inferring novel word meanings. Experiment 3 tested Mandarin three- to six-year-olds' sensitivity to ge. We discuss differences in the developmental course of these cues relative to cues in English, and the impact of this difference to children's understanding of individuation.</p>","PeriodicalId":43246,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":"10 2","pages":"135-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2009-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3505892/pdf/nihms419856.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31082426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}