Infectious Diseases eJournal最新文献

{"title":"First Estimates of the Economic Burden and Quality-of-Life Losses Due to Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 Infections in Low and Middle-Income Countries – a Modeling Study","authors":"S. Silva, H. Ayoub, C. Johnston, R. Atun, L. Abu-Raddad","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3936493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3936493","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Economic losses due to herpes simplex infections in low and middle-income countries are unknown. We estimated economic and quality-of-life losses due to genital herpes and HIV-attributable-to-HSV-2 in 2019, in 90 low and middle-income countries, and up to 2030 in 45 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa region. Methods: For genital herpes, we estimated spending on treatment, losses due to absenteeism and reductions in quality-of-life. For HIV-attributable-to-HSV-2, we estimated spending on ART and losses due to absenteeism. For the WHO Africa region, we modeled costs using an economic model and a deterministic HSV-2 transmission dynamics model, fitted to seroprevalence gathered from a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Results: Genital herpes contributed to at least US$813.5 million in treatment and productivity losses in 2019 (range: US$674.4-US$952.2 million). Given observed care-seeking and absenteeism, losses are likely in the range of US$29.0 billion (US$25.6 billion-US$34.5 billion). Quality-of-life losses in the amount of 61.7 million QALYs are also possible (50.4 million-74.2 million). The mean annual cost of treatment and wage losses per infection is US$183.00 (95% CI: US$153.60-US$212.55); the mean annual cost of quality-of-life losses is US$343.27 (95% CI: 272.41-414.14). Seroprevalent HSV-2 cases in 2019 also potentially contributed to 33.2 percent of ART costs for incident HIV cases during the year (US$186.3 million; range: US$163.6-US$209.5 million) and 28.6 percent of HIV-related wage losses (US$21.9 million; range: US$19.2–US$27.4 million). In the Africa region, where nearly 40% of ART costs in 2019 are potentially due to HSV-2, the 3.9 million seroprevalent genital herpes cases from 2020 to 2030 can contribute to at least US$700.2 million in treatment and productivity losses. Interpretation: Economic losses of genital herpes are large and disproportionately burden poorer LMICs, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Quality-of-life losses are even larger. These findings underscore the need for a vaccine against HSV-2. Funding Information: There was no funding source for this study. Declaration of Interests: HHA acknowledges the joint support of Qatar University and Marubeni M-QJRC-2020-5. LJA acknowledges the support of NPRP grant number 9-040-3-008 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). All other authors have nothing to declare.","PeriodicalId":430418,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116150076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses, Detection and Analysis: A Review in Retrospect","authors":"A. G., Opara, U.G., Wood, T.T., Akien Alli I.J., B. W.","doi":"10.38177/ajast.2021.5305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2021.5305","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxins are recognized as toxic compounds of great concern in the context of human health and economy. Mycotoxins are toxic chemical products formed as secondary metabolites by some fungi that readily colonise crops in the field or after harvest. The toxicity syndrome resulting from the intake of such contaminated material by animal and manis termed Mycotoxicosis.These compounds pose a potential threat to human and animal health through ingestion of food products prepared from these commodities.Mycotoxicoses affect various systems of the body according to the target organs of the mycotoxin. This review revealed the major mycotoxins of fungal origin and their mycotoxicoses. The study also reviewed the history of mycotoxin, methods of mycotoxin detection, analysis and the health implications of consuming mycotoxin-contaminated foods/products. In most developing countries, majority are ignorant of the inherent dangers of consuming mouldy produce or food contaminated with fungi and moulds with possible contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi. In view of this, there is need for general and public education to sensitise the people on the health hazards posed by mycotoxins. Proper washing and cooking practices of food commodities, good agricultural practices, fast and effective analyses and detection, good produce handling and storage are some of the control/regulatory measures that should be encouraged, as to assist in mitigating the side effects of mycotoxins in food and health particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical countries and in African where there is enabling environment that promotes fungal growth.","PeriodicalId":430418,"journal":{"name":"Infectious Diseases eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114723332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}