{"title":"Agricultural Tax, ‘Ushr, Zakāt and Tax Returns","authors":"I. A. Nyazee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2406995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2406995","url":null,"abstract":"A question has been raised about zakāt, ‘ushr and other financial religious duties in the context of taxes imposed by governments, Federal or Provincial, especially the proposed enhancement or rationalization of the agricultural tax. The people are quite confused about how the whole system is going to work, and a solution is requested. In addition to this, the Federal Shari‘at Court has held that zakāt is like private charity; does this mean that the individual has a choice about payment or non-payment?","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130302362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of Women in Sericulture and Community Development: A Study from a South Indian Village","authors":"E. Kasi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2861012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2861012","url":null,"abstract":"In any discourse on sociology and anthropology, one fact that clearly emerges is that women can generally be trusted to perform their duties with utmost care and attention. This is more so in the case of agriculture and allied activities. No wonder women are playing a very important role in the sericulture industry. Their qualities like maternal instincts and loving care of those under their charge prove to be very helpful in the successful breeding of silk worms. The sericulture industry has opened up phenomenal employment avenues and helped women to become important players in the decision-making process — whether in the household or in the community at large. The active involvement of women is very essential for the success of the any community development initiative. This has been proved on many occasions all over the world — more so in the developing countries. For instance, the success of Self Help Groups (SHGs) in Andhra Pradesh and other states of India is all due to the active role played by women. The thrust of this article is on the role of women in promotion of sericulture activities in the village, and how their participation has led to community development. Given the above backdrop, the present article is based on an empirical work undertaken in Kotha Indlu village, Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh in South India. Sericulture is an important means for generating employment, income enhancement crop enterprises, and is a most appropriate household activity. In all these activities, women have shown their mettle and performed their tasks most skillfully. In the village under study, women are playing an important role in silk rearing and processing activities. This article will endeavor to show how “sericulture,” an agro-based activity, has brought about overall development of individual households, the village, and the community at large.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133154858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characteristics of Women Farm Operators and Their Farms","authors":"R. Hoppe, Penni Korb","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2266538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2266538","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past three decades, the number of women-operated farms increased substantially. In 2007, women operated 14 percent of all U.S. farms, up from 5 percent in 1978. Women-operated farms increased in all sales classes, including farms with annual sales of $1 million or more. Most women farmers operated very small farms in 2007; about three-fourths of their farms had sales of less than $10,000. A small share of their farms (5 percent), however, sold $100,000 or more in farm products. About half of women-operated farms specialized in grazing livestock—beef cattle, horses, and sheep or goats. In addition to a principal operator, some farms have secondary operators. If both principal and secondary operators are counted, the number of women operators in 2007 expands from 306,200 to nearly 1 million.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134016927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trends in West Bengal Agriculture","authors":"D. Nandy, Suddhasil Siddhanta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2733514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2733514","url":null,"abstract":"Indian agriculture has experienced significant growth and transformation since the emergence of modern seed-fertilizer-water based high yielding technology of Green Revolution in the mid sixties. However, the growth has been uneven regionally and the new technology had its impact in different regions at different times in different ways. The north-west region took the initial lead followed by some southern states. Significant agricultural growth began to be registered in the eastern region from the early 1980s. The state of West Bengal take a leading role since then.Attempt has been made to analyze the trends, variations, and projections of different sectors of the broader head \"Agricultural Development\" of West Bengal. The paper suggested some of the future directions vis-a-vis a comprehensive / integrated state policy for sustained growth of the sector.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131208069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Dufhues, I. Theesfeld, G. Buchenrieder, Nuchanata Munkung
{"title":"The Political Economy of Decentralization in Thailand - Does Decentralization Allow for Peasant Participation?","authors":"T. Dufhues, I. Theesfeld, G. Buchenrieder, Nuchanata Munkung","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2977928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2977928","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important issues in rural development is empowerment and entitlement of farmers through participation. Decentralisation and participation are seemingly interdependent. Therefore, the paper begins with a theoretical discussion on the cause and effects of this interdependence. Decentralisation is often advertised as means to better incorporate the views and wishes of local actors. Yet, a decentralization process is no guaranty for political participation of local actors. The state induced decentralisation process in rural Thailand serves as an example to investigate forces that hamper or facilitate political participation. Change and uncertainty are inherent of political systems and the agricultural sector. Hence, this paper focuses in particular, on the last two politically turbulent decades in Thailand and its impact on political participation in rural Thailand. The Tambon Administration Organization (TAO) as one means of and likewise outcome of the decentralization process will serve as an example to discuss the effects of decentralisation on participation in the TAOs, using the concept of accountability. After increasing decentralization at the end of the 90s the last decade was coined by centralization policies. The ongoing political unrest could potentially trigger a new wave of political decentralization. However, the real reason for decentralization is not to distribute power but to maintain central effectiveness. Thus, we expect to see more decentralization without participation.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121610452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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