AARN: Agriculture (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"134,368 Unnamed Workers: Client-Centered Representation on Behalf of H-2A Agricultural Guestworkers","authors":"Briana Beltran","doi":"10.31228/osf.io/7s8en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31228/osf.io/7s8en","url":null,"abstract":"Each year, tens of thousands of workers, mostly from Mexico and mostly men, enter the United States on temporary visas to labor in its agricultural fields. H-2A workers, as they are known, are the ultimate outsiders: contracted by a single employer for a specified period, they face dangerous labor and housing conditions, without the option of seeking other employment and with no other ties to or rights in the United States. Despite a robust regulatory scheme that mandates terms—including their hourly wage and expenses their employer is required to cover—H-2A workers are frequently exploited; experiencing everything from wage theft to the extraction of unlawful recruitment fees, they risk retaliation by employers and recruiters if they dare to complain about the mistreatment. To compound the problem, the systems in place to redress these wrongs are woefully insufficient: government enforcement is weak, and H-2A workers’ ability to take direct action is undercut by factors such as their temporary and isolated presence in the United States and the limitations on their access to legal representation. Despite these constraints, there are examples of H-2A workers who have filed civil lawsuits against their employers. Having done so, they still encounter obstacles to their full participation in the process, due to the lack of familiarity with the U.S. legal system and the likelihood that the litigation will continue past the time they leave the United States. \u0000 \u0000In this article, I explore strategies for minimizing the disconnect between H-2A workers and the process of civil litigation and consider the ways in which litigation itself can be an empowering process and vehicle for amplifying worker voice. Using the frame of client-centered lawyering and drawing on two recent case studies of community lawyering among low-wage immigrant workers, I discuss the methods that lawyers representing H-2A workers can employ during the various stages of a civil lawsuit to ensure that their clients are not again relegated to an outsider status. In particular, I focus on four “moments” in the life of a case: the decision to file a lawsuit, the drafting of the complaint, discovery, and trial. Moreover, I consider how client voice can be amplified outside of the four corners of a lawsuit by providing strategies for how to do so while settling cases and discussing the downstream, indirect effects of litigation on H-2A worker empowerment. By putting these considerations into practice, I argue that litigation itself can both serve as an empowering experience for H-2A workers and shed light on the abuses within the H-2A program more generally.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128216732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of the U.S. Shale Boom on Agriculture: Evidence from North Dakota","authors":"T. Rakitan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3135519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3135519","url":null,"abstract":"Shale energy exploitation often occurs in rural areas. While agriculture dominates surface land use in these regions, energy development competes for inputs such as water and labor, and localized congestion externalities can create bottlenecks in transporting agricultural output. Additionally, well spacing, rights-of-way and chemical spillage potentially decrease the returns to surface land as greater numbers of oil wells are drilled. This study examines the impact of shale drilling on agriculture by estimating parcel rent differences as a function of energy industry activity for over 17,000 land rental transactions using State Trust Lands data from North Dakota. I find that, despite anecdotal evidence that the above-mentioned processes threaten farm profitability, surface renters in North Dakota do not significantly decrease their willingness to pay for parcels with nearby oil activity relative to parcels with no activity in the vicinity.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123080207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Growth Opportunities in the Southern African Development Community Through Regional Value Chains: The Case of the Animal Feed to Poultry Value Chain","authors":"Phumzile Ncube, S. Roberts, Tatenda Zengeni, P. Samboko","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2923064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2923064","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers findings of studies analysing the development of a regional animal feed to poultry value chain in southern Africa (Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe). The southern African regional poultry value chain is underdeveloped, although important changes include investments by South Africa-based multinational firms and strong growth in Zambia. Building on this growth requires coherent trade and industrial policies supporting investments across countries and practical measures to reduce barriers to intra-regional trade and transport costs. The potential to develop a regional poultry value chain is substantial, considering that the South African deep-sea trade deficit in poultry is larger in size than the Zambian industry.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133379507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Possibilities of Comparative Analysis of Changes in the Number and Structure of Farms in 1990-2013 in the Light of the New Statistical Definition of an Agricultural Holding","authors":"W. Dzun","doi":"10.5604/00441600.1225664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/00441600.1225664","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the new definition, the status of an agricultural holding was lost by holdings of natural and legal persons not running agricultural activity (both of 0-1 ha of UAA and 1 ha of UAA and more) and by private farms (of natural persons) up to 1 ha of UAA running agricultural activity, but executing agricultural production below the set production thresholds. This reduced the number of agricultural holdings and also caused changes, varied in degree, in the level of their provision with land, labour and capital resources. Hence, what changed were the indices illustrating the agriculture development level, including the very universal ones like average farm area, labour inputs per 100 ha, productivity of labour, land and capital, etc. Consequently, majority of data on farms presented in the publications of the Central Statistical Office of Poland until 2013 is not directly comparable with the data drawn up with the use of the new definition. The presented study attempted to analyse the changes in the number and structure of agricultural holdings in 1990-2013 and in their provision with land resources, considering the new definition of an agricultural holding and regional differentiation regarding these changes.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132278505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disaggregating the Coffee Supply Chain Network in Benguet, Philippines: A Step Towards Understanding Relational Ties","authors":"D. F. Velasco, J. Madamba, L. Mojica, JimmyB Williams","doi":"10.20294/JGBT.2016.12.1.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20294/JGBT.2016.12.1.23","url":null,"abstract":"Baguio City and the municipality of La Trinidad are the centers of coffee trading in Benguet and the Cordillera Region in the Philippines. The study...","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130145189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Competitive are Food Crop Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa?","authors":"Brian Dillon, Chelsey Dambro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2752748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2752748","url":null,"abstract":"During the structural adjustment era of the 1980s and 1990s, governments across sub-Saharan Africa generally withdrew from food markets in order to encourage entry by private traders and foster competition. Since that time, the degree to which private crop traders actively compete and pass on price changes to farmers has been a central concern of policymakers, donors, and researchers. In this paper we provide a critical review of the evidence on that topic. We begin by developing an analytical framework to guide the review, and then discuss the empirical evidence from four categories of literature. We have two main findings. First, there is a paucity of empirical evidence on this question, given the importance of the topic. This hinders our ability to draw strong conclusions. Second, that point notwithstanding, the evidence that does exist is broadly supportive of the notion that food markets are competitive. The dominant themes in the literature are that trading profits are highly variable, which is consistent with substantial risk, that trader entry and exit rates are high, and that price co-movements between markets suggest relatively efficient levels of competitive arbitrage. It is possible that the high costs of entry foster non-competitive conditions at the level of large-scale, long-distance subnational trade; but we find no positive evidence to that effect, only the satisfaction of certain necessary conditions.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122122069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural Service Delivery Through Mobile Phones: Local Innovation and Technological Opportunities in Kenya","authors":"H. Baumüller","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-25718-1_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25718-1_9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132683160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Agricultural Innovation on Improved Livelihood and Productivity Outcomes Among Smallholder Farmers in Rural Nigeria","authors":"Ogunniyi Adebayo, K. Olagunju, Adeyemi A. Ogundipe","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2847537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2847537","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural research programs that are driven by Agricultural Innovation System concepts usually target to change the way in which low income rural agrarian households in a nation like Nigeria communicate with the market and the decision making strategies pertaining to development of their agri-business and the scarce resources which are at their disposal. As a result there has been a shift in the research paradigm in many African countries like Nigeria; from top down research systems to nonlinear dynamic systems that aim to enhance end users capacity to obtain and utilize knowledge and research outputs. The aim of this paper was therefore to assess the extent to which the use of these innovative agricultural research interventions impact upon the livelihood and productivity outcomes of rural smallholder farmers in Nigeria using a case study from the South west region of Nigeria. Using propensity score matching as a means of establishing a valid counterfactual and single differencing to measure impact, the study establishes that rural incomes and output are significantly impacted upon by agricultural research interventions that are driven by agricultural innovation systems concepts. The study however further finds that although participating households had better livelihood and productivity outcomes and more diversified income portfolios during the implementation of the innovative research intervention as a result of greater linkages to markets and capacity building opportunities; phasing out of the research program reduced the diversity of income portfolios and lead to the erosion of livelihoods. The study therefore concluded that agricultural research interventions that are driven by agricultural innovation system concepts have the potential to positively impact upon the livelihood outcomes of rural smallholder farmers in Nigeria however there is need for greater capacity building of local extension agents and increased budgetary support to ensure understanding and application of agricultural innovation system concepts by local level public agricultural extension agents to sustain positive livelihood and productivity outcomes. In addition agricultural innovation system concepts should be mainstreamed in all public agricultural extension and research programs to ensure sustained rural innovation and robust livelihood and improved productivity outcomes.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123974726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations in the Price and Quality of English Grain, 1750-1914: Quantitative Evidence and Empirical Implications.","authors":"L. Brunt, E. Cannon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2594762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2594762","url":null,"abstract":"Interpretation of historic grain price data may be hazardous owing to systematic grain quality variation – both cross sectionally and over varying time horizons (intra-year, inter-year, long run). We use the English wheat market, 1750-1914, as an example to quantify this issue. First, we show that bushel weight approximates grain quality. Then we show that cross sectional and intra-year variation are substantial and problematic, generating erroneous inference regarding market integration. Long run variation is significant, due to sharply declining international quality differentials, and this impacts estimated cost of living changes. By contrast, inter-year variation is smaller and controlled for more easily.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126971285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ассортиментная Политика Агробизнеса и Возможность Её Оптимизации (Assortment Policy of Agribusiness and Possibility of its Optimization)","authors":"N. Kapustina, Olga Anichkina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3126420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3126420","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> В статье идет речь об ассортиментной и товарной политики предприятий агросектора, рассматривается жизненный цикл продукции, понятия, методы и концепции оптимизации ассортиментной политики для АПК. <b>English Abstract:</b> The article deals with the assortment and commodity policy of enterprises in the agricultural sector, discusses the life cycle of the products, concepts, methods and concepts of optimization of the assortment policy for the agricultural sector.","PeriodicalId":429425,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Agriculture (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121295135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}