Cosmos and History-The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy最新文献

{"title":"The Developing Process of Technological Rationality and Its Humanistic Relation","authors":"Jianjun Zhao","doi":"10.1007/978-981-15-1952-9_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1952-9_10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42911,"journal":{"name":"Cosmos and History-The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy","volume":"36 1","pages":"430-447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79804941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mind","authors":"Paul Thagard","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Multilevel materialism contends that all mental processes are brain processes while allowing the importance of molecular, mental, and social mechanisms that complement neural ones. The Semantic Pointer Architecture provides a good candidate for explaining how the brain has thoughts and conscious feeling. Representation by patterns of firing in groups of neurons, binding of representations into more complex ones by convolution, and competition among semantic pointers serve to produce perception, inference, and consciousness. The conceivability of minds without brains and of mental processes without semantic pointers is of no relevance to how minds actually operate in this world. Because of their sensory-motor operations, semantic pointers naturally incorporate important aspects of embodiment and action embedded in the world, while also enabling minds to transcend the body in order to engage in abstract thought.","PeriodicalId":42911,"journal":{"name":"Cosmos and History-The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75076910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morality","authors":"Paul Thagard","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Ethical judgments depend on values, understood as processes of neural firing produced by binding concepts with emotional attitudes, which in turn result from binding of physiological states and cognitive appraisals. As semantic pointers that integrate cognition and emotion, values contribute to thought and action biologically, in contrast to values as abstract entities whose mental impact is inexplicable. Because emotions include a crucial appraisal dimension, they can be judged to be rational or irrational, so that values can be objective or subjective. The key to translating human nature into morality lies in needs, not just as instrumental wants but as basic requirements for living as a human being. Full human functioning requires satisfaction of psychological needs for relatedness, autonomy, and competence.","PeriodicalId":42911,"journal":{"name":"Cosmos and History-The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy","volume":"219 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72847699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge","authors":"Paul Thagard","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"For the semantic pointer theory of mind, the bearers of knowledge are not abstract propositions but rather patterns of neural firing that constitute mental representations, including concepts, beliefs, nonverbal rules, images, and emotions. This neurocognitive perspective suggests new answers for questions about the generation of candidates for knowledge and their relations to the world via sensory-motor interactions. Semantic pointers support knowledge that beliefs are true or false, how to do things using multimodal rules, and of things via sensory-motor experience. The Semantic Pointer Architecture meshes well with coherence-based justification that abandons foundational certainty for fallible attempts to fit diverse elements of knowledge into the best overall explanation. Knowledge has important social dimensions.","PeriodicalId":42911,"journal":{"name":"Cosmos and History-The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy","volume":"196 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77402377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Philosophy Matters","authors":"Paul Thagard","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Philosophy is the attempt to answer general questions about the nature of knowledge, reality, and values. Natural philosophy draws heavily on neuroscience and psychology to develop interconnected theories of knowledge, reality, morality, justice, meaning, and the arts. It uses a procedure that identifies the most important philosophical issues as questions, considers a range of available answers to these questions, evaluates these answers based on coherence with scientific knowledge and other defensible philosophical doctrines, and reaches philosophical conclusions by accepting some answers and rejecting others based on explanatory coherence with evidence and on emotional coherence with human goals. Philosophy differs from science in being more general, ranging across all of the sciences, and in being more normative, concerned with how the world can be made better.","PeriodicalId":42911,"journal":{"name":"Cosmos and History-The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77930245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Justice","authors":"Paul Thagard","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The crucial bridge between observations and values in the study of justice is vital needs, which must be satisfied if people are going to function as human beings. A just society meets both the biological needs of all its members for water, food, shelter, and health care and the psychological needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy. Justice does not require complete equality of wealth, income, or preference satisfaction, as long as people are equal in having their vital needs satisfied. The needs-sufficiency view of social justice has strong implications for establishing political and legal justice, including taking into account the needs of future generations. To contribute to social justice, the political system in a country needs to support the population’s vital needs. Democracy is the best available system for accomplishing this support.","PeriodicalId":42911,"journal":{"name":"Cosmos and History-The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90507906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future Philosophy","authors":"Paul Thagard","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Philosophy hangs together by coherence relations tied to scientific evidence. Multilevel materialism in the philosophy of mind fits well bidirectionally with reliable coherentism in epistemology. Understanding the brain as operating with neural mechanisms of parallel constraint satisfaction supports and is supported by the view that knowledge is based on reliable coherence. Both of these views fit with scientific realism as the most plausible approach to metaphysics. There are internally coherent alternatives to my system of social cognitivism, such as religious philosophies that espouse faith and supernaturalism, but these are incompatible with centuries of accumulated evidence. This concluding chapter addresses three important philosophical questions that remain unresolved despite relevant advances in cognitive science: the existence of free will, the nature of mathematical knowledge, and the mental capacities of machines and nonhuman animals.","PeriodicalId":42911,"journal":{"name":"Cosmos and History-The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72878679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beauty and Beyond","authors":"Paul Thagard","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190678739.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190678739.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The main mental and social functions of art are the expression and transmission of emotions, in relationships among creative artists and their appreciators. Artistic emotions are semantic pointers in brains that integrate sensory representations with combinations of physiological changes and cognitive appraisals. The central emotional response to art is beauty, resulting from pleasurable emotional coherence through unity in diversity of sensory representations. Art generates other important emotional responses, including interest, shock, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust. Art is good or bad depending on the intensity and quality of the emotions that it generates. Art can offer valuable contributions to the needs-related emotions of its producers and appreciators. Art occurs at the social intersection of mind and world when creators and appreciators use their brains to generate and perceive works that stimulate emotions.","PeriodicalId":42911,"journal":{"name":"Cosmos and History-The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83439771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution Concept: The Concept Evolution","authors":"Agustín Ostachuk","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2946322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2946322","url":null,"abstract":"This is an epistemologically-driven history of the concept of evolution. Starting from its inception, this work will follow the development of this pregnant concept. However, in contradistinction to previous attempts, the objective will not be the identification of the different meanings it adopted through history, but conversely, it will let the concept to be unfolded, to be explicated and to express its own inner potentialities. The underlying thesis of the present work is, therefore, that the path that leads to the development of the concept of evolution is the path that studies the possibilities of the evolution of concepts, and that the historical reconstruction of its conceptual trajectory will shed light into potential and unexploited possibilities. This methodology will provide useful tools and resources for future developments of the concept. For example, it will define the concept of transmutation as a different conceptual trajectory deviating from the one corresponding to evolution, at the onset of the 19 th century. Moreover, epigenesis will not be the opposing concept to evolution, but only to simultaneous and instantaneous generation. It will demonstrate that every important system of epigenesis drew upon some kind of formative power to explain development. More importantly, it will show that the problem of preformation cannot be overlooked, and that some kind of virtual preformation must be considered in order to address the problems of generation and development. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ \u0000 table.MsoNormalTable \u0000 {mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\"; \u0000 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; \u0000 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; \u0000 mso-style-noshow:yes; \u0000 mso-style-priority:99; \u0000 mso-style-parent:\"\"; \u0000 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; \u0000 mso-para-margin-top:0cm; \u0000 mso-para-margin-right:0cm; \u0000 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; \u0000 mso-para-margin-left:0cm; \u0000 line-height:115%; \u0000 mso-pagination:widow-orphan; \u0000 font-size:11.0pt; \u0000 font-family:\"Constantia\",\"serif\"; \u0000 mso-ascii-font-family:Constantia; \u0000 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; \u0000 mso-hansi-font-family:Constantia; \u0000 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} \u0000 Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ \u0000 table.MsoNormalTable \u0000 {mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\"; \u0000 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; \u0000 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; \u0000 mso-style-noshow:yes; \u0000 mso-style-priority:99; \u0000 mso-style-parent:\"\"; \u0000 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; \u0000 mso-para-margin-top:0cm; \u0000 mso-para-margin-right:0cm; \u0000 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; \u0000 mso-para-margin-left:0cm; \u0000 line-height:115%; \u0000 mso-pagination:widow-orphan; \u0000 font-size:11.0pt; \u0000 font-family:\"Constantia\",\"serif\"; \u0000 mso-ascii-font-family:Constantia; \u0000 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; \u0000 mso-hansi-font-family:Constantia; \u0000 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}","PeriodicalId":42911,"journal":{"name":"Cosmos and History-The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy","volume":"1 1","pages":"334-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79897514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Information Ethics In The Information Age","authors":"J. Cárdenas-García","doi":"10.13016/M26LIG-ZUBH","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13016/M26LIG-ZUBH","url":null,"abstract":"Information ethics (IE) is a field of fundamental and applied study that lacks the firm foundation of a definition of information. The at times ethereal, at times pervasive nature of information contributes to the elusiveness of a definition. Paradoxically, everyone seems to recognise information when they see it, but there is great difficulty in arriving at a common perspective. This is partly due to its wide-ranging applicability in many and disparate fields of knowledge, e.g., business, finance, media communications, physics, biology, computer science, engineering, library science, to name a few. All of which share the commonality of dealing with digital information and communication technologies (ICTs) which seem to be the trigger for issues in IE. The purpose of this paper is to suggest the definition of information by Bateson as a basis to seek a fundamental and applied understanding in IE.","PeriodicalId":42911,"journal":{"name":"Cosmos and History-The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy","volume":"14 1","pages":"147-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90587802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}