Volume 6A: Materials and Fabrication最新文献

{"title":"Reliability Prediction of 304 Stainless Steel Using Sine-Hyperbolic Creep-Damage Model With Monte Carlo Simulation Method","authors":"Abir Hossain, C. Stewart","doi":"10.1115/pvp2019-93712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93712","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Typically continuum damage mechanics (CDM) based constitutive models are applied deterministically where the uncertainty of experiments is not considered. This is also true for the Sine-hyperbolic (Sinh) CDM-based constitutive model where the model is calibrated to represent 50% reliability of creep data. There is a need to implement Sinh in a more stochastic manner. The objectives of this study is to incorporate the probabilistic feature in the Sinh creep damage model to reliably predict the minimum-creep-strain-rate, creep-rupture and creep deformation. This will be achieved using Monte-Carlo methods. Creep deformation data for 304 Stainless Steel is collected from literature consisting of tests conducted at 300 and 320 MPa at 600°C with five replicates. The replicate tests exhibited substantial scatter in the minimum-creep-strain-rate, stress-rupture, and overall creep deformation. Subsequently, upon calibration using the Sinh model, the material constants among the replicates varied. The trends of uncertainty carried by each material constant are studied. The interdependence of the material constants is evaluated to determine if the uncertainty carried by each material constant can be regressed using a co-dependence function. The Monte Carlo method was applied to determine the extent that the creep deformation curve varies taking into consideration the variability of the material constants. Monte Carlo simulations show that the predicted creep deformation persists within the bounds of the experimental data. A large number of Monte Carlo simulations using the Sinh model enabled the creation of credible reliability bands for the minimum-creep-strain-rate, stress-rupture, and creep deformation of 304 Stainless Steel. In future work, this statistical method will be applied to the variability of service conditions, pre-existing defects, and material constants to quantitatively establish the reliability of the Sinh model in simulating component-level creep deformation to rupture.","PeriodicalId":428760,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125503736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European Project ATLAS+: Small and Large Scale Ductile Tearing Experiments on Ferritic Steel WB36 to Study Transferability of Material Ductile Properties","authors":"A. Dahl, D. Moinereau, P. L. Delliou, W. Vincent","doi":"10.1115/pvp2019-93070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93070","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The 4-years European project ATLAS+ (Advanced Structural Integrity Assessment Tools for Safe long Term Operation) has been launched in June 2017. One of its objectives is to study the transferability of material ductile properties from small scale specimens to large scale components and validate some advanced tools for structural integrity assessment.\u0000 The study of properties transferability is based on a wide experimental programme which includes a full set of fracture experiments conducted on conventional fracture specimens and large scale components (mainly pipes).\u0000 Three materials are considered in the programme : a ferritic steel WB36 typical from secondary feed water line in German PWR reactors, an aged stainless steel austenitic weld representative of EPR design and a typical VVER austenitic dissimilar weld (DMW).\u0000 This paper describes the experimental work conducted on the ferritic steel WB 36 (15NiCuMoNb5) and summarizes the experimental results available after 2 years of work.\u0000 Numerous mechanical tests have been conducted on a wide panel of fracture mechanics specimens for a full characterization of the ferritic steel: Tensile properties, Hardness, Charpy Energy, pre-cracked Charpy PCC, Master curve on CT and SENT specimens, ductile tearing properties on CT and SENT specimens.\u0000 In parallel, it is planned to test three 4PB large scale tests on pipings (FP1, FP2 and FP3) at room temperature on the EDF test facility with 3 configurations (shape, size and location) of cracks: through wall crack (TWC), internal and external ½ elliptical cracks. Progress of these large scale experiments is described including first results.","PeriodicalId":428760,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116867398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a New Austenitic Stainless Steel (Low-C-18Cr-11Ni-3Cu-Mo-Nb-B-N) With High Sensitization Resistance and High Temperature Strength","authors":"Yuhei Suzuki, Shogo Aota, E. Dan, Masaki Ueyama, T. Osuki, Ono Toshihide, Nao Otaki, H. Okada","doi":"10.1115/pvp2019-93187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93187","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Austenitic materials with high sensitization resistance and high temperature strength are required for furnace and reaction tower of desulfurizing plants in the petroleum refinery industry. For these requirements, a new steel (LowC-18Cr-11Ni-3Cu-Mo-Nb-B-N) has been developed. The steel shows no intergranular stress corrosion cracking in polythionic acid environment after aging in the temperature range from 565 to 700 °C for up to 10,000 hours. This excellent PTA-SCC resistance is attributed to the prevention of M23C6 carbide precipitation along grain boundary due to extra low carbon content with high ratio of niobium to carbon. The maximum allowable tensile stress of this steel is estimated to be more than 30% higher than that of ASME SA213 Type347H. This excellent strength is based on the precipitation strengthening effect due to fine precipitates of a copper rich phase which are coherent with the austenite matrix in addition to Z-phase (NbCrN). Moreover, boron addition improves creep strength and creep ductility of the steel.\u0000 From these results, it is concluded that the newly developed steel is a promising material not only for refinery processes but also for other elevated temperature usages.","PeriodicalId":428760,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125029755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Simplified Large Thin Plate Model for Modeling Fracture Behavior of a Hydrided Irradiated Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tube Specimen With an Axial Crack","authors":"S. Sung, Jwo Pan, Cheng Liu, D. Scarth","doi":"10.1115/pvp2019-93762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93762","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The crack tip opening displacements (CTODs) and the effective plastic strains ahead of the crack front in a hydrided irradiated Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube specimen with an axial crack are investigated using two 3-D finite element models in this paper. The first model is a pressure tube with 80 split circumferential hydrides distributed through the thickness ahead of the crack front. The second model is a large thin plate with a central crack with four split circumferential hydrides under symmetry/symmetry, free/symmetry and free/free constraint conditions. The results for CTOD indicate that the CTOD of the pressure tube specimen with 80 hydrides is slightly smaller than that for the large thin plate with the free/symmetry constraint condition and larger than that for the large thin plate with the symmetry/symmetry constraint condition. The effective plastic strain of the pressure tube specimen with 80 hydrides is smaller than that for the large thin plate with the free/symmetry constraint condition and larger than that for the large thin plate with the symmetry/symmetry constraint condition at large normalized loads. The computational results show that instead of modeling a full 3-D pressure tube with a larger number of hydrides, a large thin plate model with a limited number of hydrides can be used to efficiently determine the upper and lower bounds of the CTODs and the effective plastic strains ahead of the crack front in a pressure tube specimen.","PeriodicalId":428760,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"08 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124274526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nondestructive Evaluation of Metal Strength, Toughness, and Ductility Through Frictional Sliding","authors":"S. Palkovic, Parth Patel, Soheil Safari, S. Bellemare","doi":"10.1115/pvp2019-93770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93770","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Traditional assessment of mechanical properties requires the removal of a standardized specimen for destructive laboratory testing. A nondestructive in-situ method is a cost-effective and efficient solution for applications where sample cutouts are not feasible. This work describes developments in contact mechanics that use frictional sliding to evaluate the material strength and toughness of steel pressure vessels and pipelines.\u0000 Hardness, Strength, and Ductility (HSD) testing is a portable implementation of frictional sliding that provides a tensile stress-strain curve for assessment of the yield, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and strain hardening exponent for power-law hardening metals. HSD testing incorporates four styluses of different geometry that generate grooves on the surface of a material as they travel. The measured geometry of these grooves along with the normal reaction forces on the stylus are correlated to representative tensile stress-strain values through finite element analysis (FEA) simulations. These principles have been extended to account for nonlinear strength behavior through the thickness of seam-welded steel pipes by using a combination of the HSD surface measurement, microstructure grain size, and chemistry. Frictional sliding tests are also used to assess material variation across a welded seam to identify different welding processes and the effectiveness of post-weld-heat-treatments (PWHT).\u0000 A second implementation of frictional sliding is Nondestructive Toughness Testing (NDTT), which provides an NDE solution for measuring fracture toughness by using a wedge-shaped stylus with an internal stretch passage to generate a Mode I tensile loading condition on the surface of a sample. The test produces a raised fractured surface whose height provides an indication of the materials ability to stretch near a propagating crack and is correlated to the crack-tip-opening-displacement (CTOD) measured from traditional laboratory toughness testing. Experiments on pipeline steel indicate that NDTT can provide an index of fracture toughness to benchmark materials tested under similar conditions. Implementation of these new instruments to gather data for integrity management programs, fitness for service assessments, and quality control of new manufacturing will help to reduce risk and uncertainty in structural applications.","PeriodicalId":428760,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129926588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Thermal-Mechanical Analysis Model for Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel for Hydrogen During Fast Filling","authors":"Y. Jiang, Ming Xu, Z. Fan, C. Xuedong, Q. G. Wu","doi":"10.1115/pvp2019-93338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93338","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) is considered to be the most promising storage tank for hydrogen. Filling the COPV to high pressure within 3–5 minutes generates temperature increment due to negative Joule-Thomson coefficient and compression effect of hydrogen. This temperature increment induces a non-uniform temperature distribution in the COPV. The difference between the physical properties of inner metallic liner and outer composite will produce thermal stress. In this work a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is built to simulate the temperature increment during fast filling of the COPV. A three-dimensional thermal-mechanical finite element model for COPV is set up. The temperature distribution of the COPV by the CFD model is input into the thermal-mechanical model to analyze the stress distribution during the fast filling. This thermal-mechanical analysis model will provide technical support for the design of COPV.","PeriodicalId":428760,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121017438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finite Element Verification of Engineering Equations for Prediction of Structural Strength of Annulus Spacers in CANDU Nuclear Reactors","authors":"Preeti Doddihal, D. Kawa, D. Scarth, Yu Chen","doi":"10.1115/pvp2019-93671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93671","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The core of a CANDU (CANada Deuterium Uranium) pressurized heavy water reactor includes several hundred horizontal fuel channels that pass through a calandria vessel containing the heavy water moderator. In each fuel channel, annulus spacers are used to maintain the gap between the cold calandria tube and the hot pressure tube, a pressurized vessel containing the nuclear fuel in contact with heavy water coolant. In order to carry the loads between the pressure tube and calandria tube, the annulus spacers are required to possess adequate structural strength throughout the operating life of the reactor. The Inconel X-750 spacers used in some reactor units are susceptible to irradiation induced degradation. As irradiation fluence increases with operating time, material embrittlement has been observed due to helium bubble formation in the X-750 spacer material. An engineering approach for assessing the structural strength of CANDU annulus spacers has been recently developed. When the ductility of the material is relatively low, the region susceptible to fracture under applied tensile stress may be adequately idealized as a strip-yield process zone surrounded by elastic material and associated with restraining stress. The engineering approach is based on applying the strip-yield process zone methodology to fracture at a nominally smooth surface. Finite element modeling was undertaken to simulate the strip-yield based fracture process zone. The finite element analyses and results are presented in this paper. The finite element results verify the engineering equations developed to assess the structural strength of annulus spacers.","PeriodicalId":428760,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133161369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen Effects on Fracture Toughness of Additively Manufactured Type 304L Stainless Steel","authors":"A. Mcwilliams, M. Morgan, P. Korinko","doi":"10.1115/pvp2019-93709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93709","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Rectangular blocks of Type 304L stainless steel were additively manufactured (AM) using the directed energy deposition process. These samples were characterized using tensile, fracture toughness, fractography, and metallography and compared to forged Type 304L steel. The AM materials exhibited high density, tensile properties consistent with mechanically deformed stainless steel, and acceptable fracture toughness properties (> 100 Mpam) in the as fabricated and hydrogen charged (approximately 2500 appm) conditions.","PeriodicalId":428760,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124048163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Residual Lifetime Prediction Method of Aging Polyethylene Gas Pipes in Service","authors":"Yang Wang, H. Lan, Hao Zhang","doi":"10.1115/pvp2019-93140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93140","url":null,"abstract":"Polyethylene pipes (PE) have been widely used for various urban gas pipeline transportation engineering. With the increase of service life, the aging of PE pipes has become a safety issue of urban gas pipeline transportation. Therefore, a practical prediction method for predicting the residual lifetime of in-service aging polyethylene pipe is needed. Hitherto, there are a few reports on the aging performance and lifetime prediction of PE pipes under the laboratory research stage, but there are few researches on lifetime prediction methods of in-service aging polyethylene pipes. In this paper, aging PE pipes under different pressures and temperatures were produced by an accelerated aging test which was used by a thermal oxygen aging experimental set-ups PE pipes. Aging PE pipes were respectively tested by a tensile test, DSC and MFR (Melt Mass Flow Rate), and the test’s results of aging PE pipes were analyzed comparatively. Then, a residual lifetime prediction equation of pressured gas PE pipes was proposed by Arrhenius fit of the data which comes from the test’s results. Basing on this equation, a residual lifetime prediction method of aging polyethylene gas pipes in service was proposed, that is, the DSC test data of the particle (about 15 mg) which is cut from the surface of the in-service polyethylene gas pipes can be substituted into the lifetime prediction equation to predict the residual lifetime of aging polyethylene pipes. This residual lifetime prediction method is not only suitable for pressured aging polyethylene gas pipes in service, but also for other pressured plastic pipes in service.","PeriodicalId":428760,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121404704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specimen Curvature and Size Effects on Crack Growth Resistance From Compact Tension Specimens of CANDU Pressure Tubes","authors":"B. Williams, W. Tyson, C. Simha, B. Wasiluk","doi":"10.1115/pvp2019-93318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93318","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 CSA Standard N285.8 requires leak-before-break and fracture protection for Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes in operating CANDU reactors. In-service deuterium uptake causes the formation of hydrides, which can result in additional variability and reduction of fracture toughness. Pressure tube fracture toughness is assessed mainly through rising pressure tube section burst tests. Given the length of the ex-service pressure tubes required for burst testing and the requirement to increase the hydrogen content of irradiated ex-service pressure tubes, only a limited number of burst tests can be performed. Using small-scale compact tension, C(T), specimens are advantageous for obtaining a statistically significant number of fracture toughness measurements while using less ex-service pressure tube material. This work focuses on the study of C(T) geometry designs in order to obtain crack growth resistance and fracture toughness closer to those deduced from burst tests.\u0000 Because C(T) specimens must be machined from pressure tubes of about 100 mm in diameter and 4 mm in wall thickness, they are out-of-plane curved. As well, they undergo significant tunnelling during crack extension. These two factors can result in a violation of the ASTM standard for fracture toughness testing. The current work examined the influence of specimen curvature and tunnelled crack front on the crack growth resistance curve, or J-R curve. Finite element (FE) models using stationary and growing cracks were used in a detailed numerical investigation. To capture crack tunnelling in the FE models, a damage mechanics approach was adopted, with the critical strain to accumulate damage being a function of crack front stress triaxiality. The J-integral numerically estimated from the domain integral approach was compared to the J-integral calculated from the analytical equations in the ASTM E-1820 standard. In most cases, the difference between the numerical and the standard estimations was less than 10%, which was considered acceptable. It was found that at higher load levels of load-line-displacement, specimen curvature influenced the J-integral results. Crack tunnelling was shown to have a small influence on the estimated J-integrals, in comparison with the straight crack fronts.\u0000 A modest number of experiments were carried out on unirradiated Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube material using three designs of curved C(T) specimens. It was found that the specimens of both designs that featured a width of 34 mm had more than twice the crack extension of the specimens of the 17-mm width design. The 17-mm width specimens are used mainly to assess the small-scale fracture toughness of pressure tube material. Additionally, the applied J-integral at the maximum load was about 1.4 times higher for the larger-width C(T) specimens. These C(T) specimens also produced J-R curves with greater crack extensions, which were closer to those obtained from the pressure tube section burst tests. Artificially hydrided pressur","PeriodicalId":428760,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6A: Materials and Fabrication","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128223844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}