Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development最新文献

{"title":"Leaves and barks of Albizia shade trees in tea plantation shows both insect attractant and pesticidal properties: a GC-MS based investigation","authors":"A. Ghosh, Soumya Majumder, S. Saha, S. Chakraborty, M. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.13057/asianjagric/g050205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g050205","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ghosh A, Majumder S, Saha S, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya M. 2021. Leaves and bark of Albizia shade trees in tea plantation show both insect attractant and pesticidal properties: a GC-MS based investigation. Asian J Agric 5: 84-89. Tea is the major plantation crop of sub-Himalayan region. The bushes are grown under a partial canopy cover of leguminous plants to protect them from scorching sun rays. The shade plants are primarily beneficial but attract several pests. Metabolites present in four Albizia trees were detected by GC-MS, and insect attracting and/or repelling phytochemicals were pointed out. A total of thirty-two compounds exhibiting semiochemical properties were detected. 15.84%, 2.52%, 2.61% of semiochemicals are exclusively present in leaves of Albizia odoratissima, Albizia chinensis, and Albizia procera. While in bark 10.73% and 13.35% semiochemicals were exclusively present in Albizia odoratissima and Albizia lebbeck. A total of nine semiochemicals are exclusively present in AO, out of which seven semiochemicals viz., caryophyllene, epoxide; longiborneol; longifolene; methyl linolenate; methyl linoleate; methyl cis-jasmonate; tonalid are present in leaf and five semiochemicals viz. longiborneol; methyl cis-jasmonate; camphor; isopropyl myristate; tonalid are present in bark. A total of five semiochemicals viz. alpha-santalol; bisabolol oxide A; gamma-Sitosterol; glycidyl oleate (as oleic acid); oleoyl chloride (as oleic acid) are found exclusively in the bark of Albizia lebbeck.  There were only three semiochemicals that were exclusively found in the leaf of AC, these were 2-decen-1-ol; cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methyl ethyl); acetophenone.  In the leaf of AP, a total of five semiochemicals were found to be exclusive, these being dehydro-beta-ionone; oleamide; beta-amyrin; isopropyl linoleate; stigmasterol. GC-MS analysis explored metabolites from shade trees like caryophyllene, epoxide; beta-amyrin; 1, 8-cineol etc. which serve as both attractant and pesticidal components while compounds like longiborneol; longifolene; linalyl acetate, etc. are exclusively pest attractants and compounds like isopropyl myristate are exclusive pest repellants. This cumulative property of shade trees can be utilized to trap insect pests and destroy them with pesticidal activity. Isolation of these metabolites from shade trees, and their utilization as semiochemical/pheromone trap and green pesticides, will control pests by eco-friendly measures along with reducing the production cost.","PeriodicalId":42770,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development","volume":"211 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76970148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production system and breeding practice of indigenous chickens in selected districts of Dawro zone and Konta special district, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Awoke Melak, H. Kenfo, Tesfalem Aseged, Abebe Hailu","doi":"10.13057/asianjagric/g050204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g050204","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Melak A, Kenfo H, Aseged T, Hailu A. 2021. Production system and breeding practice of indigenous chickens in selected districts of Dawro zone and Konta special district, Southern Ethiopia. Asian J Agric 5: 72-83. This study was conducted to understand the production system, breeding practices, selection criteria, and production constraints of chickens to have a baseline for future production strategies in the study area. The data was collected through individual interviews, focus group discussions, and personal observations. A semi-structured questionnaire using Food and Agriculture Organization Guidelines was used to avail the views of the respondents. Based on chicken population, production potential, and road accessibility, a total of 90 households from six kebeles were considered for an individual interview. The data was analyzed using SPSS software version 23.0 and an index was calculated for all ranked variables like the importance of livestock, purpose of keeping chicken, selection criteria, culling criteria, and constraints of chicken production. The index value of meat production and income generation in midland agroecology were 0.28 and 0.26 respectively. Also, the index value of income generation and meat production in lowland agroecology were 0.31 and 0.25 respectively. It is concluded that both female and male chickens are maintained mainly for income generation followed by meat sources. A variable that was given a higher priority in breeding selection was body size and health conditions, for male and female chickens respectively. Most of the respondents select their breeding hen in health, egg production, and age with an index value of 0.44 and 0.36 and 0.15 respectively; while their breeding cock in body size, disease resistance, and color with an index value of 0.36, 0.29, and 0.28 respectively. Disease and predators were the major constraints of chicken production mentioned in the study area. Therefore, addressing these constraints is important to design a successful genetic improvement scheme.","PeriodicalId":42770,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72403682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) growth parameters, seed yield, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation","authors":"Taofeek T. Adegboyega, M. Abberton, Abdelaziz H. ABDELGADIR2, Dianda Mahamadi, Oyatomi Olaniyi, S. Ofodile, O. Babalola","doi":"10.13057/asianjagric/g050203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g050203","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Adegboyega TT, Abberton MT, Abdelgadir AH, Mahamadi D, Olaniyi OA, Ofodile S, Babalola OO. 2021. Variation in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) growth parameters, seed yield, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation. Asian J Agric 5: 61-71. Underutilized legumes are widely distributed in tropical agriculture and associated with low yield.  Thus they have not really been fully explored due to lack of research investment, breeding programs targeting crop improvement, marketing, and low awareness of nutritional benefits. This study was conducted to determine the variation in growth parameters, seed yield, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) germplasms. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variances were observed in traits evaluated. The combined analysis of variance for five variables of 25-winged bean accessions showed that replication by year interaction was statistically significant (p ? 0.0001) for nodule parameters and dry shoot weight while it was not significant (p = > 0.05) for dry root weight, and total biomass. Significant variations (p = ? 0.05) were observed among the accessions on some growth parameters. The genetic variability of winged beans could be carefully exploited to provide higher grain yield, as well as other economic and important traits to boost food security and conservation of the plant genetic materials.","PeriodicalId":42770,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85899383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying limiting factors for feasible productivity improvement for smallholder farmers in coffee sector in Indonesia","authors":"H. Tran, S. Nathan, Amri Ilmma, Maria Burkiewicz, Dewa Gede Karma Wisana","doi":"10.13057/asianjagric/g050202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g050202","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Tran HTM, Nathan S, Ilmma A, Burkiewicz M, Wisana IDGK. 2021. Identifying limiting factors for feasible productivity improvement for smallholder farmers in coffee sector in Indonesia. Asian J Agric 5: 53-60. Coffee is a global commodity with significant value-addition and export potential for producing countries. The purpose of this study was to identify the important factors associated with increasing yields. Rather than prescribing theoretical solutions, our research purpose was to examine the prevailing agricultural practices that are used in the region and identify the top three factors that have a significant impact on yields. Using advanced data collection methods and controlling for regional characteristics and various farming practices, we found that higher yield was associated with the application of fertilizer, higher tree density, and shade level. The application of fertilizer was associated with an increase in yield of 98 kg/ha for Arabica and 124 kg/ha for Robusta. At the optimal density ranges, a higher yield can be obtained with the increase of trees. Lastly, the level of shade was negatively associated with yield for Arabica, but no significant difference was observed for Robusta. We found a lot of headroom to increase the yield, as the current fertilizer application was low especially for Robusta, a mismatch between optimum tree density for both Arabica and Robusta, and opportunities for better shade management to increase yield potential.","PeriodicalId":42770,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89608968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review: Use of duality theory in organic farming: Evidence from India","authors":"Harish Prajapati","doi":"10.13057/asianjagric/g050201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g050201","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Prajapati HR. 2021. Use of duality theory in organic farming: evidence from India. Asian J Agric 5: 45-52. The duality analysis provides an alternative way for solving the problem of cost minimization. In this method, a specified suitable cost function has been used as an objective function with certain constraints, rather than using production functions. In duality theory, both cost and profit functions are used as an objective function under a well-defined production technology along with related behavioral assumptions. This paper has applied translog cost function as an objective function under certain input constraints for the estimation of five input parameters viz. Land, Labor, Capital, Machinery, and Irrigation based on field survey data of 284 organic and non-organic wheat producers in four rain-fed districts of Gujarat. Based on these parameters, all inputs price elasticity and elasticity of input substitution have been calculated using Iterated Smilingly Unrelated Regression Equations (ISURE) method of estimation. The results of the estimation, for both organic and non-organic farms, have found both positive and negative signs as was expected theoretically but the value is not significant.","PeriodicalId":42770,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84310617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic diversity of weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) populations in Sri Lanka: An application of Self Organizing Map (SOM)","authors":"S. Weerakoon, S. Somaratne","doi":"10.13057/ASIANJAGRIC/G050106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/ASIANJAGRIC/G050106","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Weerakoon SR, Somaratne S. 2021. Genetic diversity of weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) populations in Sri Lanka: An application of Self Organizing Map (SOM). Asian J Agric 5: 35-43. Weedy rice (WR) (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) has become a major threat in rice cultivation. Discrimination of WR from cultivated rice is difficult since agro-morphology of WR and cultivated rice are overlapping. Molecular markers are useful and can be an informative tool for estimating genetic diversity and relationships in closely related WR eco-types. Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) is an interesting and promising classification tool employing an innovative and data-driven classification method based on unsupervised artificial neural networks. The present study focused on exploring the potential use of SOM to classify WR populations of different eco-climatic zones in Sri Lanka using agro-morphological and molecular data. Separate SOMs for each set of variables, agro-morphological and molecular data were developed. The best SOM was chosen based on the error performance. Findings of SOM analyses showed that certain morphological characters (seedling height, leaf blade width, leaf blade length, culm strength, panicle shattering, seed coat color and leaf angle) and certain molecular characters detected from SSR primers (RM 11, RM 21, RM 14, and RM 280) are important in separation of different WR eco-types satisfactorily. SOM clustering of cultivated, wild, and WR eco-types indicated specific patterns of grouping with respect to climatic conditions of the country. WR eco-types in dry zone and wet zone of the country are closely related to Oryza nivara and O. rufipogon respectively.","PeriodicalId":42770,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89364557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production and effect of vermiwash singly and in combination with vermicompost on the growth, development and productivity of tomato in the greenhouse in Suriname","authors":"Vijantie R. R. Awadhpersad, L. Ori, A. Ansari","doi":"10.13057/ASIANJAGRIC/G050105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/ASIANJAGRIC/G050105","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Awadhpersad VRR, Ori L, Ansari A. 2021. Production and effect of vermiwash singly and in combination with vermicompost on the growth, development, and productivity of tomatoes in the greenhouse in Suriname. Asian J Agric 5: 29-34. In Suriname farmers often largely rely on high inputs of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to achieve high yield. To overcome this, sustainable agriculture seeks to introduce agricultural practices that are environmentally sound, economically viable, and socially supportive. In the present study, the effect of vermicompost and vermiwash and in combination was evaluated on the growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the greenhouse. The experiment was a Randomized Block Design with four treatments and three replications. The growth parameters were measured for plant height, shoot wet and dry weight, root weight, and length, and yield in terms of the number of fruits and fruit weight. The produced vermiwash was a brownish colored liquid and had all the essential macro and micro plant nutrients, which indicates an environmentally friendly enriched nutrient liquid fertilizer for sustainable agriculture. The research results at harvest time indicated that the plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, root weight, root density, root length, yield and fruit weight were higher for the plants treated with a combination of vermicompost and vermiwash. It was also noted that the flowering and fruiting ratio were significantly enhanced by application of vermiwash as a foliar spray. The combination of vermicompost and vermiwash (50 g + 50 mL) significantly (p < 0.05) resulted in the highest yielding plants, followed by vermiwash (100 mL) and vermicompost (100 g).","PeriodicalId":42770,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development","volume":"34 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72483839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth performance of novel food based on mixture of boiled-dried granulated Tenebrio molitor larvae and date-fruit waste in broiler chicken farming","authors":"K. Debache","doi":"10.13057/ASIANJAGRIC/G050104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/ASIANJAGRIC/G050104","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Debache K. 2021. Growth performance of novel food based on mixture of boiled-dried granulated Tenebrio molitor larvae and date-fruit waste in broiler chicken farming. Asian J Agric 5: 22-28. The present study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of a new diet based on mixture of boiled-dried granulated Tenebrio molitor larvae (Tm) and date-fruit waste (Dw) in broiler chicken diet. A total of 56 two-day old broilers were randomly allotted to 4 dietary groups each with 2 replicates consisting of 7 broilers (C1, C2, Diet1 and Diet2). Equal mixture of three commercial cereal-based diets (chick starter feed, chick grower feed, and chick finisher feed) was formulated. The first control (C1) was 100% the commercial mixture. Second control (C2) is obtained by mixing 50% commercial mixture with 50% Dw. While the other groups (Diet1 and Diet2) were formulated by adding three ingredients at different proportions: 50% commercial mixture: 40% Dw: 10% Tm (Diet1) and 50% commercial mixture: 10% Dw: 40% Tm (Diet2). After the evaluation of daily body weight, clinical signs, specific growth rate and other clinical tests, the chickens were slaughtered at 60 days. Hematological, biochemical, copro-parasitological, and bacterial investigations were performed based on samples taken day 60. Weight gain of broilers fed with Diet1 was almost like broilers fed with first control (C1) diet. However, those fed with Diet2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than all other dietary groups (C1, C2 and Diet1). Hematological and serum biochemical traits showed no dietary adverse effect, and copro-parasitological diagnosis was negative in all different dietary groups. Moreover, similar microbial communities were detected in digestive system parts of the same animal, no matter in relation to Tm inclusion or no. In conclusion, the overall results collected in this current study propose that date-fruit waste could be used as an exclusive feed for T. molitor insect rearing and dietary inclusion of mixture Dw-Tm into broilers meal could become a partial substitute for commercialized cereal-based diet without affecting the health of broilers.","PeriodicalId":42770,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75334588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grape supply chain: Vertical coordination in Ningxia, China","authors":"Shuo Li, Linda Bitsch, J. Hanf","doi":"10.13057/ASIANJAGRIC/G050103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/ASIANJAGRIC/G050103","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Li S, Bitsch L, Hanf JH. 2021. Grape supply chain: Vertical coordination in Ningxia, China. Asian J Agric 5: 12-21. Since 2018, China has been the second-largest grape-growing country in the world, with 875 thousand hectares in total. A former study indicated a transformation within the wine grape supply chain management in the Chinese wine market, from traditional coordination to significant vertical integration. The Ningxia Helan Mountain’s Eastern Foothill wine region (China) is considered to be the best wine region in China and has potential to lead domestic wine production. This study summarizes the typology of grape supply models in the Ningxia wine industry.  We also examine influencing factors for the arrangements of current vertical coordination models of grape materials supply, particularly the hybrid organizations and contractual relationships are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":42770,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76961757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of some pesticides of plant origin for control of anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum destructivum O’Gara) in cowpea","authors":"D. N. Enyiukwu, A. C. Amadioha, C. Ononuju","doi":"10.13057/ASIANJAGRIC/G050102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13057/ASIANJAGRIC/G050102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Enyiukwu DN, Amadioha AC, Ononuju CC. 2021. Evaluation of some pesticides of plant origin for control of anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum destructivum O’Gara) in cowpea. Asian J Agric 5: 4-11. Anthracnose is a common disease of cowpea in many bean growing areas of the world. This study evaluated the effects of Alchornea cordifolia, Tabernaemontana pachysiphon, and Lantana camara as low-input biopesticides for control of the disease. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) made up of 14 treatments with 4 replications. The results indicated that all the plant materials irrespective of carrier solvent and concentrations of application significantly (P?0.05) minimized the incidence and severity of the disease, as well as improved the yield and yield parameters of the treated crop than the control. Amongst all evaluated dosages of the plant materials, 50-100 % concentration of L. camara gave the best disease control and yield improvement of the crop, followed by full strength of T. pachysiphon and A. cordifolia was the least. However, comparative to benomyl a standard fungicide, the plant-derived pesticides demonstrated lower fungitoxicity against the pathogen apart from 50-100 % extracts of L. camara which were statistically (P?0.05) at par with the effects of the fungicide. Therefore, all the plant extracts could be used at higher doses as prophylactics to stem the disease; however, L. camara could be applied at lower doses to achieve the same level of control. These plant materials overall could therefore contribute as effective bio-fungicides towards improving productivity of cowpea in the humid tropics.","PeriodicalId":42770,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73409095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}