Ideas in Ecology and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Late-acting self-incompatibility and a narrow floral tube as underlying stylar dimorphism in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae)","authors":"Violeta I Simón-Porcar","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2018.11.8.N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.8.N","url":null,"abstract":"Most heterostylous species show self- and intra-morph incompatibility and models established for such taxa have traditionally been applied to the evolution of stylar dimorphism and heterostyly in Narcissus, a genus with late-acting self-incompatibility. The model of Lloyd and Webb (1992a,b) proposed that, in an approach-herkogamous ancestor, stylar dimorphism and heterostyly appeared consecutively as a result of two single mutations selected positively to enhance cross-pollination. Most polymorphic Narcissus are stylar dimorphic with two anther whorls, the lower positioned in the middle of a narrow floral tube, and style lengths that locate the stigmas above or below the low-level anthers. Here, I propose that in an ancestor with open-tubed flowers, late-acting self-incompatibility and variable style length, the narrowing of the floral tube increased self-pollination and ovule discounting in individuals with the stigma at the same height as the low-level anthers, imposing gradual disruptive selection against this phenotype and causing the bimodal distribution of style lengths. This hypothesis stresses the need of avoiding self-interference for the selection of stylar dimorphism, but excludes neither the promotion of cross-pollination as a force for subsequent evolutionary steps towards heterostyly in the genus nor the need of inter-morph pollination for the maintenance of polymorphism.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.8.N","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47169675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual selection explains much in human evolution, but probably not bipedalism","authors":"M. Wilson","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2018.11.7.C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.7.C","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45767483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late-acting self-incompatibility and a narrow floral tube as selective forces for stylar dimorphism in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae): A response to Simón-Porcar","authors":"A. Faivre","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2018.11.9.C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.9.C","url":null,"abstract":"Simon-Porcar proposes an alternative origin in the evolutionary pathway to heterostyly as described in a model proposed by Lloyd and Webb. Below I summarize her key points and namely consider the implications of comparing her model to ideas within the Charlesworth and Charlesworth model. The hypothesis that she has chosen to propose is similar to ones that others have proposed for this same genus, thus I have tried to distinguish how Simon-Porcar’s hypothesis differs from theirs, as well as give credit to their contributions to these ideas. Finally, I have added a few more suggestions related to testing her hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.9.C","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44942728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sexual selection of hominin bipedalism","authors":"Michael T. Dale","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2018.11.6.N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.6.N","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I advance a novel hypothesis on the evolution of hominin bipedalism. I begin by arguing extensively for how the transition to bipedalism must have been problematic for hominins during the Neogene. Due to this and the fact that no other primate has made the unusual switch to bipedalism, it seems likely that the selection pressure towards bipedalism was unusually strong. With this in mind, I briefly lay out some of the most promising hypotheses on the evolutionary origin of hominin bipedalism and show how most, if not all, fail in the face of the need for an unusually strong selection pressure. For example, some hypotheses maintain that hominins became bipedal so they could use their hands for carrying infants, food, or other valuable objects. But extant apes are able to carry objects in one of their front limbs (while walking with the other three), and thus it does not seem plausible that our hominin ancestors went through the troublesome transition to bipedalism just so they could carry objects a little more efficiently. After I show that past hypotheses are wanting in the face of this challenge, I argue that there is only one selection pressure powerful enough to instigate a strange and problematic evolutionary adaptation like bipedalism, and that is sexual selection. Specifically, from the fact that bipedal locomotion is an important strategy for intimidating others and ascending the dominance hierarchy in extant apes, I argue that for no particular selective reason bipedal locomotion became a signal for high fitness (much as a large and intricate tail became a signal for high fitness for peahens), and this led to the trait being continuously reinforced in spite of all its deleterious fitness consequences.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70236103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publishing papers while keeping everything in balance: Practical advice for a productive graduate school experience","authors":"S. Hotaling","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2018.11.5.F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.5.F","url":null,"abstract":"Pursuing a graduate degree is difficult. To succeed, students must overcome a myriad of ill-defined, and often unforeseen, challenges. One major obstacle lies in publishing their work. In this perspective, I provide a detailed description of my own working system that matured late in my graduate career but still paid dividends in terms of my publication record, funding success, and work-life balance. I also include brief vignettes of other topics that were crucial to my own scientific development. While I organized this essay as a series of “rules”—I don’t mean to imply that graduate school nor academia has a specific formula for success. Not only does it not, but as a first-year postdoctoral researcher, I can only speak to what works in graduate school through the lens of my own experiences. My experience is particularly relevant, however, because unlike many who have offered similar advice in the past, I drafted this perspective in the months that followed my degree. Rather, I offer these rules as a starting point for you to take, consider, and mold into your own framework. I am confident, however, that there is commonality among the ideas described here and the general habits of successful academics. In writing this perspective, I had three primary goals: (1) To add a more detailed, recent perspective to previous, more general essays on this topic. (2) To bridge an apparent disconnect between successful faculty and graduate students. Essentially, the advice in this essay may be obvious to a seasoned academic while simultaneously highly relevant, and interesting, to an early career student. And finally, (3) I hope to help dispel myths graduate students may hold about the innate talent or expertise needed to succeed in graduate school and to demystify the day-to-day work side of the equation. Simply put, I’m not a scientific outlier. But with good organizational skills, a diligent writing habit, and some invaluable mentoring, I made it to the light at the end of the tunnel (and into a career-progressing position). You can too.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.5.F","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43856302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The nine classes of plant-plant replacement","authors":"R. Myster","doi":"10.4033/iee.2018.11.4.n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/iee.2018.11.4.n","url":null,"abstract":"Current models of plant community dynamics have fallen short both of conceptualizing plant communities well and of giving researchers a tool that accurately predicts their dynamics. Here I present a new idea of how that conceptual model should be constructed. I begin with the observation that space is a critical component of plant life and how it changes determines—to a large extent—how individual plants change. I then define that space as consisting of the phyto-space, which the phyto-mass (biomass plus necromass) occupies, and the neighborhood space around that phyto-space where a plant can influence, and be influenced by, other plants. I posit that it is how plants that make up a community replace themselves over time, as their phyto-spaces and neighborhood spaces change, that is the fundamental process of plant community dynamics. Those plant-plant replacements fall into nine distinct classes that extend the concept of replacement to include new space created not just by whole plant mortality, but also by plant tissue loss.  Finally, I suggest that because most plant-plant replacements involve seeds, seedlings and saplings, the mechanisms and tolerances of predation, pathogens, germination, herbivory and seedling/sapling competition will be most critical in determining the plant-plant replacements in any plant community and its resulting dynamics.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4033/iee.2018.11.4.n","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45436319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meiosis decreases recombination load; Mitosis increases recombination load","authors":"Root Gorelick, F. Villablanca","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2018.11.3.N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.3.N","url":null,"abstract":"Chiasmata are necessary for proper chromosomal segregation, but can result in inadvertent recombination. Bernstein and Michod demonstrated that meiosis evolved as a means of error correction, not genetic mixing. Therefore meiotic recombination is not the sine qua non of sex, but is instead an epiphenomenon of imperfect meiotic error correction. By correcting against recombinant genotypes, meiosis reduces recombination load, thereby providing an unappreciated selective advantage for sex. Sex reducing recombination load should be integrated into population genetic models of multi-locus epistasis for maintenance of sex and may explain sequestration of germ lines in animals. We predict that eumetazoa have less recombination load than sexual organisms without a germ line. Mitosis largely lacks the error correction of meiosis, destroys linkage through ubiquitous mitotic recombination, and thereby increases recombination load, especially in co-adapted gene complexes. Meiosis and possibly karyogamy provide an unexpected benefit to sex, offsetting at least some of the famed costs of sex.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.3.N","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48809596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging valleys: Expanding the adaptive landscape concept beyond theoretical space--with applications in ecology and evolution","authors":"Constantinos Yanniris, Victor M. Frankel","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2018.11.2.N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.2.N","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptive landscapes embody a concept that has provided valuable services to evolutionary biology over the last 80 years. Its heuristic power derives from its capacity to portray fitness functions in planar representations where environmental conditions are presumed to be static. In an effort to incorporate environmental change into this powerful theoretical tool, we propose an expanded, three-dimensional eco-phenotypic landscape which relates to physical ecological space. This is expected to enhance the ecological applications of the adaptive landscape by providing practical insight into various evolutionary principles including adaptive divergence, gene flow, and sympatric speciation.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48440224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of the seed habit : Is niche construction a missing component?","authors":"O. Eriksson","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2018.11.1.N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.1.N","url":null,"abstract":"Evolution of land plants is one of the major transitions in the history of life on Earth. In this process, evolution of seeds constitutes one of the key events, liberating plants from dependence of free external water for fertilization, thus promoting colonization of dry environments and the build-up of terrestrial ecosystems. Previous explanations of evolution of seeds from heterosporous predecessors have been based on a framework of kin and sexual selection theory. Here I suggest that that niche construction is a missing component in these explanations. During colonization of increasingly drier habitats, the heterosporous life cycle was subjected to strong gradients in water availability. The ancestral condition of separate niches of the sporophyte and female gametophyte generations changed into a situation where the sporophyte generation provided the only means by which female gametophytes could develop, in effect ‘constructing’ the recruitment niche for the female gametophyte, attached to the sporophyte. Selection favored modifications in the developmental program, altering the relative timing of fertilization and dispersal. Kin and sexual selection processes could then play out in the context of a plant life cycle where fertilization preceded dispersal, eventually forming the seed habit. Niche construction by the sporophyte removed the ecological independence of the two generations; the sporophyte provided the female gametophyte with a recruitment niche, transforming the biphasic life cycle into a unitary life cycle, and enabled an expansion of the ecological niche zone for land plants, eventually leading to a vegetation covering most parts of the land mass.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4033/IEE.2018.11.1.N","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48116828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The demise of dinosaurs and learned taste aversions: The biotic revenge hypothesis","authors":"Michael J. Frederick, G. G. Gallup","doi":"10.24908/IEE.2017.10.9.C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/IEE.2017.10.9.C","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous hypotheses have been advanced to explain the worldwide extinction event that led to the disappearance of the dinosaurs. There is considerable empirical support for the well-known asteroid impact hypothesis, and volcanic eruptions in the Deccan Traps have also been implicated. Increasingly, theories involving multiple causes are being considered, yet few of these consider how the cognitive and behavioral abilities of certain classes of animals may have differed in ways that allowed some to survive while others perished. Here we advance the hypothesis along with supporting evidence that the emergence of toxic plants coupled with an inability to form learned taste aversions may have contributed to the extinction of dinosaurs.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.24908/IEE.2017.10.9.C","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42340912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}