Universa Medicina最新文献

{"title":"Interleukin-22-induced β‑defensin-2 expression by intranasal immunization with Streptococcus pneumoniae RrgB epitopes","authors":"D. Mufida, Antonius Dwi Saputra, Bagus Hermansyah, D. Agustina, M. A. Shodikin, Yunita Armiyanti","doi":"10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.37-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.37-46","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumococcal disease, which is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Various pneumococcal vaccine candidates have been developed to prevent S. pneumoniae infection, one of which is an epitope-based vaccine. This study aimed to prove that intranasal immunization with each of the five S. pneumoniae RrgB epitopes can induce a mucosal immune response by increasing the β-defensin-2 concentration through upregulation of interleukin (IL)-22 expression.\u0000MethodsAn experimental laboratory study was conducted using 28 male Wistar rats aged 3-4 months, that were randomly divided into 7 groups containing four rats each. Group 1 was given 40 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) only (control group). Group 2 was the adjuvant group that received 40 mL PBS containing 2 ìg cholera toxin B (CTB), and groups 3-7 were immunized with 40 mL PBS containing a combination of adjuvant and one of the five different S. pneumoniae RrgB epitopes. The concentrations of IL-22 and β-defensin-2 from nasal rinse examination were measured by means of ELISA. The Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney post-hoc test were used for statistical analysis.\u0000ResultsRats immunized with the adjuvant-epitope combination had significantly higher β-defensin-2 and IL-22 levels than the control group (p=0.030; p=0.018, respectively), according to the Kruskal-Wallis test. And the Mann-Whitney statistical test, showed there was a significant increase in β-defensin-2 and IL-22 levels.\u0000ConclusionsIntranasal immunization with epitope 1 of the S. pneumoniae RrgB can increase β-defensin-2 expression significantly and has a greater potential to be developed into a pneumococcal vaccine.","PeriodicalId":42578,"journal":{"name":"Universa Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41910264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased oxidative stress in adult women with iron deficiency anemia","authors":"Alpaslan Karabulut, G. Alp Avci, E. Avci","doi":"10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.29-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.29-36","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundIron deficiency anemia (IDA), a type of anemia with an increasing global frequency, is more common in women than men in the population. In IDA, the sensitivity of erythrocytes to oxidants is increased and their lifespan is shortened. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant molecules which is one of the potential biochemical mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of IDA. In our study, we aimed to determine the levels of oxidant and antioxidant markers by assessing the levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in women with IDA.\u0000MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study involving 47 women with IDA aged ³40 years and 47 women volunteers. The levels of TAS, TOS, OSI, PON-1, and MPO were determined spectrophotometrically using appropriate kits. Non-parametric Mann Whitney-U tests were used to analyze the data.\u0000ResultsThe levels of antioxidants TAS (1.42 mmol Trolox equiv./L) and MPO (54.00 U/L) in the IDA group were significantly lower than in the control group [TAS (1.67 mmol Trolox equiv./L) and MPO (89.00 U/L)] (p=0.000 and p= 0.019, respectively). However, TOS (6.25 ìmol H2O2 equiv./L) level in the IDA group was significantly higher than in the control group (4.13 ìmol H2O2 equiv./L) (p=0.000), but PON-1 was not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.375).\u0000ConclusionIn women with IDA, the oxidant-antioxidant balance is impaired, resulting in oxidative stress. Therefore, IDA in adult women must receive adequate attention in clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":42578,"journal":{"name":"Universa Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46807592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Processed meat consumption increases risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults aged 40 years and older","authors":"Solikhah Solikhah, Asri Lestari","doi":"10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.18-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.18-28","url":null,"abstract":"Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a public health problem in the world, including Indonesia. The high mortality of T2DM is triggered by an unhealthy eating pattern and sedentary lifestyle. We aimed to investigate the relationship of food intake pattern and its related factors with T2DM in adults 40 years and older.\u0000MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted on 11,022 men and women with T2DM aged 40 years and older. Major dietary patterns were collected and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of covariates. Statistical significance was set at a p-value of <0.05.\u0000ResultsMales and individuals aged >40 years comprised 50.17% and 26.19%, respectively, of the 11,022 respondents. Individuals aged over 50 years had a higher risk of developing diabetes than those aged less than 50 years (AOR =5.67, 95% CI=1.37-21.94, p<0.05). Dietary processed meat was associated with a higher risk of T2DM (AOR = 4.9; 95% CI=1.08-22.20, p<0.05). Carbohydrate and fruit intakes were negatively associated with and protective factors for DM (AOR= 0.01; 95% CI=0.01-0.06, p<0.01; AOR = 0.35; 95% CI=0.15-0.83, p<0.01). However, physical activity was not a risk factor for T2DM.\u0000ConclusionsProcessed meat consumption, age over 50 years, and carbohydrate intake may increase the risk of T2DM in adults. Conversely, fruit intake may decrease the risk of T2DM in adults. There is a need to control the diet and lifestyle for the early prevention of DM. ","PeriodicalId":42578,"journal":{"name":"Universa Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49613007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-operative intraocular pressure as a predictor of post-operative intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification in non-glaucomatous patients","authors":"Titiek Ernawati, K. Hendrawan, Wilson Christianto Khudrati, K. Samsudin","doi":"10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.11-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.11-17","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundCataract has been known to cause high intraocular pressure which may lead to secondary glaucoma. Some anatomical changes in cataract patients are assumed to be factors contributing to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). The changes in IOP after cataract surgery tend to help surgeons to predict clinical outcomes. Therefore, IOP control is very important in these patients. This study aimed to determine the ocular biometric parameters and pressure-to-depth (PD) ratio associated with IOP in non-glaucomatous patients who undergo cataract surgery.\u0000MethodsA prospective study using secondary clinical data collected from 81 non-glaucomatous patients. Data were collected by examining each subject pre- and post-operatively. The changes in ocular biometry parameters and IOP were measured one week before surgery and 8 weeks after the surgery. Univariate and multivariate linear regression were performed to analyze the data.\u0000ResultsThe mean anterior chamber depth (ACD) change was 0.73 ± 0.16 mm, mean PD ratio was 5.04 ± 1.16, and the mean pre-operative IOP was 16.07 ± 2.92 mmHg, decreasing by 2.35 mm Hg (14.6 %) to 13.72 ± 3.42 mm Hg at 8 weeks postoperatively. Univariate linear regression results showed a significant correlation between PD ratio and post-operative IOP (p=0.000), but no significant association was observed between PD ratio and post-operative IOP in multiple linear regression (p=0.126). However, pre-operative IOP was significantly associated with post-operative IOP (Beta=1.244; p=0.004)\u0000ConclusionsOur data demonstrated that pre-operative IOP was the most influential risk factor of IOP reduction after phacoemulsification in non-glaucomatous patients.","PeriodicalId":42578,"journal":{"name":"Universa Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43105465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone metastases tend to increase in non-small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation","authors":"Reginald Maleachi, D. Erawati, S. Pratiwi, S. Andarini","doi":"10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.4-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.4-10","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundIncreased understanding in molecular pathology of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) over the past decades has led to personalized treatment approaches being advocated. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation that often occurs in NSCLC can be identified using immunohistochemical examinations. Moreover, clarifying the relationship between computed tomography (CT) and EGFR mutation of NSCLC might inform therapeutic decision-making. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between metastatic sites on primary chest CT-scan and EGFR mutation in NSCLC lung cancer patients.\u0000MethodsAn cross-sectional design using secondary data was conducted, involving 76 NSCLC patients. EGFR mutations were determined by immunohistochemical examination and metastatic sites by chest CT-scan with contrast. The collected metastatic sites comprised hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy, pulmonary nodules, and bone, liver, spleen and suprarenal metastases. A Chi square test was used to analyze the data.\u0000ResultsThis study revealed that the highest NSCLC stage was IVb, found in 39 samples (51.3%), while 34 (44.7%) subjects had EGFR mutation. There was no statistically significant difference between metastatic site and positive EGFR mutation, although positive bone metastases (54.8%) tend to have more numerous positive EGFR mutations compared to negative bone metastases (37.7%) (p=0.142).\u0000ConclusionsPatients with positive bone metastases tend to have higher positive EGFR mutation compared to negative bone metastases in NSCLC lung cancer patients. Prospective studies evaluating patients with EGFR mutation for bone metastases should be considered. This can provide information on therapeutic decision-making to obtain good clinical outcomes.","PeriodicalId":42578,"journal":{"name":"Universa Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48929181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tale of the double pandemics, COVID-19 and obesity: a never ending story","authors":"R. A. Hamid","doi":"10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.1-3","url":null,"abstract":"It has been almost two years since we have been shocked by the COVID-19 pandemic, which initially started in Wuhan, China, on December 31, 2019. It was not long before the World Health Organization (WHO) finally declared it as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020, after announcing it as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020. Since then, we can see the pandemic accelerated in most countries all over the world. Globally, as of 4 December 2021, there have been 270,031,622 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 5,310,502 deaths. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of non-pharmaceutical interventions colloquially known as lockdowns have been implemented in numerous countries and territories around the world. The results of the pandemic lockdown have instigated another major concern, i.e. obesity. Overweight and obesity are defined as excessive or abnormal fat accumulation that may impair health. Based on the WHO classification for adults of both genders and all ages, overweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) over 25 kg/ m2 and obese as a BMI over 30 kg/m2. COVID-19 has ubiquitously proven to be a major challenge for people struggling with obesity as the unfavorable effects of excess body weight in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infections have been mainly attributed to the metabolic perturbations and chronic inflammation of the adipose tissue leading to impaired immunity (blunted macrophage activation, impaired B and T lymphocyte responses) and more severe clinical outcomes. To make the matters worse, the COVID-19 pandemic has taken place at a time when there are around 2 billion overweight adults, of whom 650 million are considered to be affected by obesity (BMI ?30 kg/m2). That equates to respectively 39% and 40% of adult men and women aged 18 or over who are overweight, with 13% obese. To top it up, the lockdowns do force us to stay at home to avoid crowds by practising social distancing and locking ourselves at home with limited outdoor activities, which ultimately leads to another undeniable pandemic, obesity. The COVID-19 pandemic with its lockdowns has caused many to put on pounds. At the same time, obesity has emerged as a major risk for severe disease and death from the virus. In many countries, the interventions required to combat COVID-19 have resulted in severe socioeconomic crises. Given the well-described relationship between socio-economic status and risk of obesity, a widening societal inequality propelled by the political interventions against COVID-19 might translate into an increase in obesity and metabolic diseases in groups with a lower socio-economic status. People of lower socio-economic status with limited income and resources prefer cheap and readily available and palatable foods, which are highly processed and promote high caloric intake beyond energy needs.","PeriodicalId":42578,"journal":{"name":"Universa Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48978312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers to breast cancer screening in Iranian females: a review article","authors":"Nazanin Masoudi, S. Dastgiri, Z. Sanaat, Z. Abbasi, R. Dolatkhah","doi":"10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.79-89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2022.v41.79-89","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among females in Iran. Screening and detection in the early stages can increase the likelihood of breast cancer treatment and prognosis, thereby decreasing the mortality rate and promoting patient survival. However, mass screening programs for breast cancer are still confronted by predominant barriers in Iran. We tried to review and recognize the barriers to breast cancer screening and early detection in Iranian females as the main research question. We searched all available databases, and screened manuscripts for eligibility according to our inclusion/exclusion criteria. The search strategy was based on the following keywords: Breast, Malignancy, Cancer, Screening, Early Detection, Mammography, Iran, and Barrier. Responsible authors performed a literature review and compiled the results into a report. Various perceived barriers at different levels (individual, intrapersonal, health systems, and community) play influential and pivotal roles in women’s decisions to participate in breast cancer screening programs to facilitate early detection. Lack of awareness, neglect, procrastination, embarrassment, religious beliefs, and lack of primary health workers awareness and recommendation were cited as perceived barriers in screening procedures in Iran. There are still barriers in performing mammography at population levels in five major dimensions including availability, accessibility, cost, fears, and acceptability. However, the rate of regular mammography utilization in Iran is low compared with other countries and needs increasing through informing women. Many perceived barriers can affect women’s willingness and self-efficacy in screening procedures and one of the most effective ways of overcoming these barriers is to increase women’s awareness.","PeriodicalId":42578,"journal":{"name":"Universa Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44872245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obesity is the most influential risk factor of cardiopulmonary endurance in older women","authors":"Rita Khairani, Donna Adriani, Patwa Amani","doi":"10.18051/univmed.2021.v40.254-262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2021.v40.254-262","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundPulmonary function decreases with age. Similarly, physical exercise capacity measured by maximal oxygen uptake, which is one indicator to measure the level of cardiac and pulmonary vascular resistance, decreases by >1% per year. This results in many respiratory diseases that occur in older persons, especially in obese older persons. Pulmonary function is a basic component of cardiopulmonary endurance, besides other factors such as age, hemodynamics, metabolism, and lifestyle. The objective of this study was to determine whether body mass index (BMI) and pulmonary function have a significant association with cardiopulmonary endurance in older women.\u0000MethodsThe study used a cross-sectional design involving 66 subjects aged 60 years and older in South Jakarta. Data was collected by measuring body mass index (BMI), pulmonary function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) for cardiopulmonary endurance. Data analysis used simple and multiple linear regression tests in SPSS v.25, with p<0.05.\u0000ResultsOf the 66 older persons, 57.6% was obese. Pulmonary function of subjects showed restriction (33.3%), obstruction (6.1%) and a combination of restriction and obstruction (1.5%). Furthermore, mean VO2 max was 12.2 mL/kg/min. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant association of BMI and FEV1/FVC with VO2 max (â =-0.56; 95% CI=-0.81 - (-) 0.31; p=0.000; â =0.09; 95% CI=0.01-0.18; p=0.028). BMI was the most influential risk factor of VO2 max (Beta = -0.46).\u0000ConclusionsThere was a significant association of BMI and FEV1/FVC with VO2 max, BMI being the most influential risk factor of cardiopulmonary endurance in older women.","PeriodicalId":42578,"journal":{"name":"Universa Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44526017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morning hypertension for stroke and cardiovascular: clinical pearls for primary care","authors":"A. Rasyid, Elvan Wiyarta","doi":"10.18051/univmed.2021.v40.270-278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2021.v40.270-278","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension is the world’s leading cause of mortality and morbidity. One of the phenomena that commonly occur in hypertensive as well as normotensive patients, is morning hypertension. Blood pressure (BP) follows a diurnal rhythm, reaching its highest level during the morning hours and dropping to the lowest level at midnight. Transient increases in BP in morning hypertension plus persistent stressors within 24 hours are thought to increase target organ damage and trigger cardiovascular events. Therefore, ambulatory BP monitoring or morning home BP monitoring is recommended as a strong predictor of cardiovascular events. There are two types of morning hypertension according to its underlying mechanisms; the first one is called nocturnal hypertensive morning hypertension, and the other one is morning-surge hypertension. Numerous studies have proved that this phenomenon often leads to several acute cardiovascular events, such as stroke, coronary artery disease, and peripheral artery disease. To prevent these complications, cost-effective management is needed, especially for identifying accurate diagnostic tools, as well as creating specific regimens. Therefore, to achieve appropriate management of hypertension, including morning hypertension, long-acting antihypertensive drugs should be used, at full doses and in the form of combination therapy. The clinical usefulness of antihypertensive drugs with specific mechanisms for morning BP or split or timed dosing of long-acting drugs in controlling morning BP remains under investigation. More studies are needed, especially looking for other clinical evidence of the benefits of lowering BP in the morning. Home BP monitoring is recommended as a good choice for BP measurements, especially in the primary care setting.","PeriodicalId":42578,"journal":{"name":"Universa Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42530928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral load as a risk factor of reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug resistance mutation in antiretroviral-treated people living with HIV/AIDS","authors":"H. Hutapea, T. N. Kridaningsih, Khoirul Huda Prasetyo, M. Antwi","doi":"10.18051/univmed.2021.v40.243-253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2021.v40.243-253","url":null,"abstract":"Background The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a major contagion faced by the population of Indonesia. The success of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is threatened by the emergence of drug resistance mutations (DRM). The aim of this study was to determine the association between CD4 count, CD4 count changes, viral load, adherence to therapy, and therapy history in the presence of DRM in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).\u0000MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study involving 269 adults who underwent antiretroviral (ARV) therapy for at least 6 months. The frequencies of DRM and polymorphisms were measured by partial amplification of the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene using RT-nested PCR on samples with viral loads of >1000 copies/mL. Sequencing was performed using the Sanger method, and edited by BioEdit. The edited sequences were submitted to http://hivdb.stanford.edu for DRM determination. Respondents’ medical data, CD4 count, viral load, and DRM were analyzed by simple and multiple logistic regression.\u0000ResultsThe multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant association of CD4 count (aOR=12.47; 95% CI: 1.45 -107.39; p=0.023) and viral load at the time of study (aOR=29.56; 95% CI: 3.47-251.52; p=0.002) with the presence of DRM in respondents. ARV substitution history was not associated with the presence of DRM. There were 17 respondents (6.3%) carrying HIV-1 DRM, with M184V/I (11 sequences) as the most frequent pattern of NRTI resistance, and K103 (9 sequences) as that of NNRTI resistance.\u0000ConclusionThis study demonstrated that viral load at the time of the study was the most influential determinant factor for the presence of DRM in PLWHA.","PeriodicalId":42578,"journal":{"name":"Universa Medicina","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44949739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}