{"title":"Medical Heritage Library","authors":"H. Prescott","doi":"10.5860/choice.49-4217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-4217","url":null,"abstract":"Medical Heritage Library. Multiple Partners. http://www.medicalheritage.orgThe growing availability of digital resources is transforming scholarship and teaching in the history of health care. The digital collections of medical history libraries are not meant to replace print sources and physical objects but rather to expand the reach of these institutions and increase accessibility for scholars and teachers who lack the resources to travel to the collections in person. Until now, one had to search the digital collections of research libraries and heritage institutions one by one. The Medical Heritage Library (MHL) streamlines this process by providing free and open access to authoritative historical resources from leading medical libraries. The MHL is a digital collaborative of medical history libraries whose stated goal \"is to provide the means by which readers and scholars across a multitude of disciplines can examine the interrelated nature of medicine and society, both to inform contemporary medicine and strengthen understanding of the world in which we live.\"1The MHL is part of a larger advocacy movement to provide free public access to digitized materials. At the forefront of these efforts is the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving \"born digital\" content on the web. The principles of open access adopted by the Internet Archive and its partners grew out of concerns that control of knowledge on the web was rapidly being monopolized by subscription-only enterprises such as JStor and Ebscohost. The Internet Archive also responded to fears that materials on the web were rapidly disappearing into the past, eventually leading to a \"digital dark age.\"2The MHL collaborative began in the summer of 2009 when curators of historical collections at the medical libraries of Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and the National Library of Medicine along with the Open Knowledge Commons, an offshoot of the Internet Archive's Open Content Alliance, received a start-up grant of $1.5 million from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to digitize over thirty thousand books relating to the history of health and medicine from their collections over the following three years.The MHL collection has expanded dramatically since that time and currently contains tens of thousands of digitized medical rare books, pamphlets, journals, and films available through the MHL and the Internet Archive. The collection only contains materials that are in the public domain under U.S. copyright law or that have received permission from the holder(s) of the copyright to make digital versions available online. The principal contributors are the Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library at Columbia University and Columbia University Libraries/Information Services, the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the Cushing/Whitney Medical Library at Yale University, the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine at Harvard University, the New York Academy of Medicine, the U.S. Nati","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71136815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nurses and Midwives in Nazi Germany: The \"Euthanasia Programs\"","authors":"R. Newhouse","doi":"10.1093/ahr/121.1.351a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/121.1.351a","url":null,"abstract":"Nurses and Midwives in Nazi Germany: The \"Euthanasia Programs\" Edited by Susan Benedict and Linda Shields (New York, NY: Routledge, 2014) (266 pages; $140.00 hardcover, $105.00 e-book)Nurses are charged with caring for the ill and putting others' needs before their own, which makes it hard for the general public to accept that nurses could intentionally harm their patients. In this book, Susan Benedict and Linda Shields challenge the assumed naivete and goodwill of nurses and propose that nurses are just as human and capable of immoral and unethical behavior as anyone else. This challenges the reader to look at nurses through a more complex, multidimensional lens. Nurses were not immune from the broadly accepted anti-Semitism and ideals set forth by the Third Reich in Germany and played an active role in ending the lives of approximately three hundred thousand patients with the so-called mercy killings. Benedict and Shields point out many similar present-day ethical dilemmas including nurse participation in executions, maternal-fetal screening services leading to termination of pregnancy, and force-feeding prisoners at Guantanamo Bay.The chapters of this book are artfully organized to walk readers through the historical framework that sets the stage for digging deep into understanding the extent of nurses and midwives' involvement in the killing of their own patients. The beginning of the book lays a foundation for the reader to contextualize the rest of the book by providing a brief yet detailed history of the cultural and political underpinnings of Nazi Germany and the global eugenics movement. The book moves into explaining the structure of nursing and specifically psychiatric nursing under the Third Reich, addressing the minimal length and depth of nursing education and the expectation of obedience to physicians. The most important and disturbing sections of the book evolve out of the trial transcripts of nurses who were tried for the murder or assistance in murder of their patients. These testimonies provide noteworthy and impactful evidence to support Benedict and Shields' goal of demonstrating the extent of nurse and midwife involvement in the \"euthanasia\" killings. It was evident that most of the nurses felt a serious conflict between following orders to kill patients and the risk of punishment by a means as severe as death if they did not. A critical question raised in this book is, what is an individual's responsibility when functioning under a regime as threatening and intimidating as the Third Reich?The book also addresses the historically neglected role of midwives in labeling patients as disabled, thus condemning them to death. …","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ahr/121.1.351a","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60681597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pain: A Political History","authors":"J. Fairman","doi":"10.5860/choice.185320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.185320","url":null,"abstract":"Pain: A Political History By Keith Wailoo (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) (296 pages; $29.95 hardcover)Pain: A Political History by Keith Wailoo is both similar to and different from his previous books. It fits securely within the genre of the history of medicine, but it also shows a more defined and nuanced reflection of the human experience shaped by the ideology of national politics. In this book, Wailoo presents a very sophisticated and compelling argument that pain-how it is defined, who gets to define it, how it is valued, and how sufferers are identified-illustrates the ideological divide between liberal and conservative political thought that exists today. In 2011, the Institute of Medicine report Relieving Pain in America1 placed uncontrolled pain as one of the most compelling public health problems of our time.Wailoo brilliantly chose pain as a vehicle for understanding the association of culture, politics, and the history of medicine. He situates pain as an enduring proxy for the political battles concerning how various legislative and legal entities defined deserving and undeserving sufferers, relief, and disability. He also situates pain as an innovative way to illustrate ideological debates over the size of government, free market constructions, and regulation politics. Pain, in this book, is a loosely packed concept that morphs like putty, depending on the sufferer and those responsible for relieving, defining, and documenting their suffering. In Wailoo's hands, pain becomes more than physical sensation; it is the Trojan horse that projects multiple meanings while distorting the reality of its impact, purpose, and function.The book also illustrates the foibles of attempting to strictly categorize political ideological forces into conservative and liberal, or Republican and Democrat. In Chapter 1, for example, he illustrates Republican President Dwight Eisenhower's struggle to support veterans (many of whom were considered to have legitimate pain), while trying to distance himself from the more encompassing disability legislation covering the elderly and other American citizens (some of whom were considered to have illegitimate or fraudulent pain). His lot was to reluctantly sign the 1956 Social Security Disability Insurance Law that provided benefits to both veterans and other American citizens. Some of his Republican colleagues never forgave him for liberalizing disability. Democratic President Jimmie Carter's administration began eliminating many people from the disability roles as a way to control costs and eliminate fraud. Many of his Democratic colleagues believed his actions were punitive and failed to reflect Democratic liberal sentiments. The Reagan administration, using Carter's policies as a springboard, continued this policy but with much more gusto, illustrating the porosity between strictly liberal and conservative ideas. Underlying the debates over worthy and unworthy sufferers were the historica","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71024941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Classrooms and Clinics: Urban Schools and the Protection and Promotion of Child Health, 1870-1930","authors":"Brian M. Ralston","doi":"10.5860/choice.51-6782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.51-6782","url":null,"abstract":"Classrooms and Clinics: Urban Schools and the Protection and Promotion of Child Health, 1870-1930 By Richard A. Meckel (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013) (272 pages; $75.00 hardcover, $29.95 paper, $29.95 e-book)Historian Richard Meckel's latest work, Classrooms and Clinics: Urban Schools and the Protection and Promotion of Child Health, 1870-1930 precisely proves the importance of understanding the historic complexities and challenges faced in the United States regarding children's health and education. His work fits into a broader scholarly category that uses the history of children and children's health to provide a unique lens to analyze the past. In Classrooms and Clinics, Meckel provides an in-depth analysis of the work of health-care providers, reformers, and urban school leaders who worked to improve the health of children and reveals nuanced social, political, and cultural themes from the late nineteenth century through the early years of the Great Depression. Meckel's work speaks to current gaps in scholarly literature through his analysis of particular national negotiations surrounding urban public schools and public education of children as well as the ways in which public schools interacted with attempts to improve child health.Using a rich breadth of archival resources including government reports and public pamphlets, Meckel traces discourse surrounding child health as it moved through three somewhat distinct approaches: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Though preventative services could be initiated in the classroom, separation of clinic and classroom became standardized as educators and physicians negotiated domains of power and practice. Meckel ultimately concludes that by the early 1930s, the school assumed a moral responsibility to provide a safe environment for education to occur and one in which health education should occur. But though the school could be a place of education, it did not end up as a place where children received corrective services or treatments; such services were reserved for the clinic or hospital, and decisions about the services that children received remained with the parents.The question of who served as the primary gatekeepers to children and their health revealed an often difficult and complex system, much like we experience today.Today, when we seek to provide \"family-centered care,\" we recognize that to deliver care to children, we must work within an interdisciplinary team and include their families as primary decision-makers in the process within multifaceted social, cultural, and economic spheres. Meckel proves that this tension is not a new challenge. Classrooms and Clinics highlights the complexity of a broad system of influencers and decision-makers regarding children's health. Meckel reveals the complex and often nuanced realities including convincing families to vaccinate their children or seek medical treatment for identified problems.While physicians played key rol","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71146691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rum Maniacs: Alcoholic Insanity in the Early American Republic","authors":"M. Donahue","doi":"10.5860/choice.51-6945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.51-6945","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71146945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in the Twentieth Century","authors":"B. Wall","doi":"10.5860/choice.187630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.187630","url":null,"abstract":"Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in the Twentieth Century By Michael Yudell (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2014) (274 pages; $40.00 cloth)In Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in the Twentieth Century, historian Mike Yudell analyzes the race concept and the role that scientists have played in c ontributing to the idea of race over the twentieth century. He explores assumptions of racial science, defined as \"the use of science, both by scientists and laypersons alike ... as part of a greater arsenal of oppression\" (p. 115). Using primary sources of books, research studies, and other writings by prominent eugenicists, geneticists, and evolutionary biologists, he argues that racial science rooted in biological notions of difference did not die out after World War II and, in fact, has persisted into the twenty-first century. As well, science has played a critical role in the formulations of ideas about race and America's changing views of African Americans. Although people have tried to use science to justify racial difference, the \"science\" they used was no more real than saying that race is real. Science was only real to the extent that scientists said it was so.Yudell traces the idea of race back to the eighteenth century when Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus established racial classification systems based on biological traits such as skin color or hair texture. His categories of Asiaticus, Africanus, Europeaeus, and Americanus were infused with distinct physical and behavioral characteristics. Yudell's primary interest is the twentieth century, however, and his first chapters explore the thinking of eugenicists such as Francis Galton and Charles Davenport. Galton examined hereditary traits both within and between humans, and he had a significant impact on the formation of race as a biological concept. Supported by his Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Davenport applied Galton's eugenic doctrines to immigration policies and Black/White differences. By rooting human differences and perceived inferiorities in blood relationships, these eugenicists used the scientific method to preserve White supremacy.Significantly, Yudell contextualizes this early twentieth-century work within the push to formulate new immigration policies and the activities of anti-Black groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in the 1920s. Eugenicist Lothrop Stoddard, for example, actually advised the KKK, while other eugenicists disseminated their ideas that were used to enforce segregation for some and exclusion for others based on \"inferior\" traits. Ideas about racial difference also were put on public display through the American Museum of Natural History meeting in 1921. Models, diagrams, and research presentations in 131 exhibits asserted subtle but distinct differences between Blacks and Whites that reinforced the immutability of bodily characteristics. Yet some biologists, geneticists, and anthropologists challenged the assumptions of racial science. Columbia Universit","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Active Bodies: A History of Women's Physical Education in Twentieth-Century America","authors":"Winfred C. Connerton","doi":"10.5860/choice.50-3915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.50-3915","url":null,"abstract":"Active Bodies: A History of Women's Physical Education in Twentieth-Century America By Martha H. Verbrugge (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012) (416 pages; $50.00 cloth)In Active Bodies, Martha Verbrugge has given readers a comprehensive look at women's physical education in the United States, from grade schools to universities, over more than a century. Verbrugge documents the dedication to a philosophy of \"different but equal\" that empowered women physical educators at the same time as this philosophy entrenched a second-class status for women in athletics. Verbrugge's inclusion of the stories of Black physical educators and her attention to the changing social forces that influenced physical activity for women and girls make this an important and engaging book.Active Bodies is organized chronologically, with nine chapters divided into two major sections: 1890s to 1940s and 1950s to 2005. For each time period, Verbrugge structures her examination along the same three foci: female physical educators, the science of women's physical education, and the impact of physical education on reproductive health. This approach creates paired chapters across the eras, which is helpful in tracking these topics over the century. The earlier era also has two additional chapters: one comparing the experiences of two educators, one Black and one White, and a second on the evolution of competitive sports for women up to the 1950s. The scope of this subject is large, and the social changes over the two time periods could easily justify their own dedicated text. Although there were moments when this reviewer wanted more detail than was possible with the broad scope, the opportunities for comparison across the periods more than make up for any loss of depth.The field of physical education came into being out of the changing understanding of healthy physical behavior. In the late nineteenth century, there was a general concern over the health impact of sedentary lifestyles, as less physically demanding occupations became available. Compulsory primary education began in this period. Verbrugge follows the changing understanding of women's physical activity and the obligations of schools to promote physical fitness while also maintaining socially approved class, race, sexual, and gender norms for their students.In the pre-1950 section, Verbrugge makes good use of personal stories to highlight the social forces that shaped the early profession. Verbrugge documents that the norm for women's physical activity was based on the experiences and expectations of middle-class, White, heterosexual women, and physical educators strove to inculcate these norms in their students. …","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71141260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A History of Midwifery in the United States: The Midwife Said Fear Not","authors":"H. Varney, J. Thompson","doi":"10.1891/9780826125385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826125385","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"25 1","pages":"168 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2015-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67700007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Histories of Nursing Practice","authors":"G. Fealy, C. Hallett, S. Dietz","doi":"10.1891/1062-8061.25.1.178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.25.1.178","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"25 1","pages":"178 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67606980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
