2007 Atlanta Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy最新文献

{"title":"Public Preferences for Science Occupations in the U.S.: The Influence of Public Perception of Scientists and Science","authors":"Hyung Hoon Kim","doi":"10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472908","url":null,"abstract":"This study is to address what factors influence Americans' preferences for science occupations with the analysis of the NSF-sponsored Survey of Public Attitudes Toward and Understanding of Science and Technology conducted in 2001. People's positive perception of scientists and science tend to strengthen the preference. Women are more likely than men to be sensitive to the danger of scientific work. People who choose biology as their major are more likely to value science occupations than those with other majors. However, female biology majors are less likely to value the occupations than their male counterparts. With this negative influence of being a female biology major, the negative influence of being a scientist or engineer with the advanced degrees on the preference remains to be confirmed in future research.","PeriodicalId":423894,"journal":{"name":"2007 Atlanta Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy","volume":"88 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126312645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of US, EPO, and PCT Patent Citations for Citation Analysis","authors":"M. Mogee","doi":"10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472902","url":null,"abstract":"Patent citation analysis in the United States has traditionally used the citations on U.S. patents as the data source. Recently, however, it has been suggested that referencing practices in the European Patent Office (EPO) and the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) may make citations on those documents more useful as indicators. This paper summarizes the results of a statistical comparison of citations on patent documents from the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO), the EPO, and the PCT to determine whether more information could be extracted from EPO and/or PCT citations than from using U.S. citations alone.","PeriodicalId":423894,"journal":{"name":"2007 Atlanta Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131396032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Sectoral Systems of Information Commons for Science and Innovation","authors":"Y. Masaru","doi":"10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472904","url":null,"abstract":"Recently we have observed a growing intensity of scientific data and information and a deepening diversity of knowledge base required for innovation. As the same time, intellectual property rights regimes are increasing tightened, and the privatization of data, information, and knowledge is widely diffused. This paper is a preliminary attempt to address technical, economic, legal, and institutional conditions for establishing and maintaining information commons and to discuss how to utilize it for stimulating collaboration and innovation. The characteristics of different types of information commons in various fields need to be examined, including the mechanisms of creating and maintaining information commons, incentive structures of relevant actors, speed of information and knowledge creation, fragmentation of information and knowledge, and scope and opportunities for combination of information. It will be important to establish sectoral systems of information commons for science for policy making and institutional design.","PeriodicalId":423894,"journal":{"name":"2007 Atlanta Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133102091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing Technological Distances from U.S. Patent Data","authors":"J. Franz","doi":"10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472903","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a general outline to construct technological distance measures from U.S. Patent data using a preliminary scoring method.","PeriodicalId":423894,"journal":{"name":"2007 Atlanta Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125702488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selecting technological paradigms beyond push-pull dynamics","authors":"D. Barberá-Tomás, E. De los Reyes-Lopez","doi":"10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472884","url":null,"abstract":"Giovanni Dosi's technological paradigm theory was developed in part to correct the then dominant practice to focus on either \"demand-pull\" or \"technology push\" when explaining technical change (Dosi, 1982). In Dosi's view demand is not, as demand-pull theorists propose, the first motivation for technical change. However, he also considers that pure technology-push models failed to recognise the obvious importance of economic factors. He proposes two roles for demand: (i) demand influencing selection among competing paradigms; and (ii) demand influencing the course of the paradigm after its inception. The literature on the paradigm framework mainly focuses on the second of these selection mechanisms, i.e. the role of the market environment in shaping the precise trajectories of advancement within the set allowed by a specific paradigm. Instead, the mechanism we study in this paper has received little attention; it describes the role of demand in the selection by the supply side amongst technological paradigms upstream in the innovation process. One reason for this lacuna in the literature could be the difficulty involved in observing paradigms before their materialisation into marketable devices. An important part of the 'variation' (in the spirit of the evolutionary theory) on which this pre-market selection process acts is based on ideas; selection in terms of the market environment is more easily observable, as it is based on commercialised devices. Observing variation that exists only in the human mind is a common problem in the broader field of evolutionary economics and even in general evolutionary approaches to social sciences (Nelson, 2006). However, if we consider the technological 'pre-practice variation' to be not only the ideas in engineers minds, but also (somewhere downstream of the purely mental realm, but largely upstream of market environment selection) the observable activities of research and experimentation, we can learn more about the empirical functioning of this pre-market selection dynamics. This article will try to show this selection mechanism in operation by means of a case study of the technological evolution of the artificial disc, an orthopaedic prosthesis employed in the treatment of chronic back pain. We will consider how the supply side selects between two technological paradigms of this prosthesis, not in the form of plausible designs in engineers' minds, but in the form of research projects, whose development to become marketable innovations depends on this pre-market selection process, expressed in the success or failure of these projects to become marketable products. To understand the role of demand in this pre-market selection mechanism we develop a conceptual framework which includes the relationship between sales, R&D investment and the intrinsic technological resistance of two artificial disc paradigms. The pre-market selection process of paradigms will occur after an industry learning process 'discover' w","PeriodicalId":423894,"journal":{"name":"2007 Atlanta Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124813497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Supply Side Policy for U.S. Technological Innovation in Energy","authors":"C. Weiss, W. Bonvillian","doi":"10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSTIP.2007.4472885","url":null,"abstract":"The environmental and geopolitical costs of America's addiction to fossil fuels make a major federal program to stimulate innovation in energy technology justifiable and essential. Given the central role of energy in the economy and the variety of new technologies needed, this program will need to approach the dimensions of a major military transformational effort. It must go beyond research and development to include all aspects of the innovation process, and should be technology neutral as far as possible, consistent with the need for measures to overcome obstacles specific to particular technologies.","PeriodicalId":423894,"journal":{"name":"2007 Atlanta Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Policy","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131863949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}