National Public Law Review最新文献

{"title":"Legal Tasks of Financial law to ensure the sustainability of local governments: Focusing on environmental conservation contributions in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province","authors":"J. Kang","doi":"10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.103","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its name, Jeju Environmental Conservation Contribution is a Charge under the Framework Act on Charge Management. Therefore, the Jeju Environmental Conservation Contribution must meet the requirements for allowing charges of the Constitutional Court and the Framework Act on Charge Management. The Constitutional Court judges the specific public serviceability and relevance to public service in relation to the constitutional equality principle, also examines the homogeneity of the mandatory group before determining the relationship to public service, and additionally recognizes it as a constitutional allowance when the proportional principle is satisfied. \u0000Rep. Wi Seonggon's bill allows contributions to be imposed within the range of 10,000 won, so if the period of stay is not classified, internal homogeneity of the mandatory group cannot be secured, and Jeju Island's proposal does not have comprehensive imposition according to the type of stay and tourism. \u0000Even if these individual regulations are improved, it is difficult to introduce Jeju Environmental Reserve from the perspective of policy acceptability, and if Jeju is newly established, other local governments with many tourists also hope to introduce it. However, this should be approached positively from the perspective of enhancing the possibility of discussions on the introduction of various legal and institutional means in local regions and securing local fiscal autonomy.","PeriodicalId":423802,"journal":{"name":"National Public Law Review","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124873280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of the Korean-German Legislative Support System","authors":"Yong-jeon Choi, Do Hyub Kim","doi":"10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.189","url":null,"abstract":"Although there are differences according to the characteristics of each country or the constitution of each country, the principle of parliamentary legislation is the most important element in most constitutionalist countries' constitutions. And legislative power is an essential and inherent power of Parliament. Nevertheless, the diversification, specialization, and diversity of legislative forms in modern society are weakening the position of the National Assembly as a legislative body. In other words, the legislative expertise of the current National Assembly has reached its limit. In the case of local councils, such a realistic problem can be said to be more serious. \u0000In this reality, we analyze and compare the legislative support systems of Korea and Germany to obtain implications. Analyzing the legislative support system of the German Bundestag and the House of Representatives and the Hessischer Landtag in comparison with the Korean National Assembly and the Gyeonggi Provincial Assembly, and comparatively examining the results, I think that it will make an academic contribution to enhancing the value of constitutionalism.…","PeriodicalId":423802,"journal":{"name":"National Public Law Review","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121530992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Right to Cross-Examination and the Admissibility of Video Statements of the Child Victims of Sexual Violence","authors":"Jong Goo Kim","doi":"10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.157","url":null,"abstract":"The Constitutional Court of Korea decided that the provision of the Sexual Violence Punishment Act that allows the use of video statements of victims of child sexual violence as evidence without cross-examination is unconstitutional in the 2021 decision. The Constitutional Court held that the right to cross-examination was the core of the right to a fair trial. According to the judgment of the Constitutional Court, it was determined that the provisions the Sexual Violence Punishment Act did not guarantee the defendant's right to cross-examination, and consequently violated the defendant's right to a fair trial. The provision stipulated an exception to the hearsay rule to prevent secondary harm to victims of child sexual violence, and the Constitutional Court judged that the provision that recognized this exception was unconstitutional. \u0000Unlike the US Constitution, there is no right to confrontation clause in the Korean Constitution. It has not been empirically confirmed whether the right to cross-examination against child victims of sexual violence contributes to the discovery of the substantive truth. Therefore, although the Constitutional Court regards the right to cross-examination as equivalent to the fundamental right under the Constitution, it is questionable whether this judgment is correct. Rather, the decision of the Constitutional Court seems to be more in line with the American legal system, which has the right to confrontation clause in the Constitution, regarding the right to cross-examination as the most effective device for finding the truth. \u0000On the other hand, the hearsay rule and the right to cross-examination are clearly stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Act of Korea. The Criminal Procedure Act of Korea is oriented toward trial-centered system and adversarial trial system. Therefore, the right to cross-examination is an important device for correcting errors and discovering the substantive truth in the Korean legal system. Therefore, it is meaningful that the Constitutional Court recognized the right to cross-examination as a constitutional right and strictly interpreted the exception to the hearsay rule in the Sexual Violence Punishment Act. In the future, it will be urgent to come up with a plan to ensure the right of cross-examination of the accused without causing secondary harm to the victim by reconciling the two interests of guaranteeing the defendant's right to cross-examination and the protection of child victims of sexual violence.","PeriodicalId":423802,"journal":{"name":"National Public Law Review","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131389628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on the Public Law of Low Birthrate and Aging Society","authors":"Sooin Yun","doi":"10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.47","url":null,"abstract":"Demographic change is one of the major social changes in recent years. And the core trend of these demographic changes is the declining birthrate and aging population. As for the current demographic structure, the number of young people is decreasing due to the falling fertility rate and the proportion of the elderly is increasing, and this trend is expected to continue for the time being. This reality we are now facing causes the need for a systematic response through paradigm shift rather than recognizing the low birth rate and aging population as a unique population phenomenon. The low fertility and aging population is a social phenomenon that appears as a relatively large number of people choose not to conceive and have children. And since these backgrounds and causes have limitations that are difficult to overcome by individual strength, not only the basic view of 'the right of pregnancy and childbirth', but also the problem of social integration through national identity, issues of sustainability and intergenerational justice, etc. It is necessary to discuss public law from the point of view of national tasks. In conclusion, in response to the low birth rate and aging population, national policies should not only maintain national sustainability, but also create a fertility and parenting-friendly environment so that individuals can respect their choices and happiness. In addition, in order to improve the social and economic structure, which is the cause of the low birth rate and aging population, it is of utmost importance to set the legislative direction considering the stabilization of the working environment and the sharing of the burden of childrearing through work-family balance. Now is the time to sympathize with the seriousness of the low fertility and aging problem and to focus on solving the direct cause of the problem.","PeriodicalId":423802,"journal":{"name":"National Public Law Review","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122318361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on the Efficiency of Private School Teachers' Remedies for Rights: Focus on the Teachers' Appeal Review System","authors":"Sa-Eon Cheong","doi":"10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.209","url":null,"abstract":"Education is the key responsibility to carry out the state because the achievement of education is the most important factor in determining the future of the country. Therefore, the status of teachers in charge of education should be guaranteed, and the educational activities of teachers should be protected and respected. And if the status and authority of the teacher are violated illegally, the authority must be protected and respected promptly and accurately. Under the current law, if a request for a petition is filed by the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee or if it is dissatisfied with the decision of the petition, the administrative litigation may be filed and remedied by the defendant, and the legal relationship of the private school teachers may be remedied through civil litigation. However, there are cases where the right to dispose of is not able to promptly and accurately remedy the right by neglecting the decision of appeal or filing an administrative lawsuit against the decision. Therefore, in order to secure the effectiveness of the decision of the appeal examination and to expand the right remedy, the objectivity of the appeal examination request should be expanded, the legitimacy of the disposition should be secured, the right of disposition should be prevented from abusing or being neglected, the implementation of the appeal examination decision should be enforced, and further punishment should be applied effectively. In addition, if the compensation through civil litigation becomes an issue, it will be possible to introduce a mediation system to promote rapid and economic rights relief. These teachers' rights relief is not only effective because the law and system are revised and newly introduced. Based on the importance of education, the right to dispose of the disposition should secure procedural and content legality, and in the teacher appeal examination system or litigation, it is necessary to strictly examine the disciplinary disposition or unfavorable disposition to improve the effect of legislation and system.","PeriodicalId":423802,"journal":{"name":"National Public Law Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115511379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public law tasks in response to local annihilation","authors":"N. Kim","doi":"10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of population decline and local annihilation is directly linked to the problems of national existence and balanced national development. Despite massive fiscal and population growth policies to solve the problem of low fertility and aging according to the Framework Act on Low Fertility and Aging, the population fertility rate is 0.81 in 2021, which is the lowest in the world. As the phenomenon of concentration in the metropolitan area accelerated due to a decrease in local jobs and unbalanced development of the region, the Special Act on Balanced National Development, the Metropolitan Area Reorganization Planning Act, and the Local University Promotion Act have been enacted and implemented to solve the problem. development is not resolved. The government enacted the Special Act on Support for Depopulated Areas in June 2022 to respond to local annihilation. In the same law, local governments lead crisis response in areas with reduced population, national customized comprehensive support, strengthening cooperation between local governments and countries, and special provisions for childcare, medical care, housing, transportation, culture, and immigration in areas with reduced population is putting. \u0000Although it is necessary to distinguish between population reduction and local annihilation, the Special Act on Support for Depopulation Areas defines only the term “depopulation area” and does not define the concept of “local annihilation”. It is necessary to conceptually define a region that requires special social, economic, financial, and administrative measures from the state as local governments cannot survive on their own or are in danger of extinction as an area with a low population density. \u0000In this paper, after examining the main contents of Korea's Constitution, the Special Act on Balanced National Development, and the Special Act on Support for Depopulated Areas, to find implications for Korea and propose public law tasks by reviewing the Spanish Constitution and the legislative examples of Castile-La Mancha in Spain, present. \u0000First, although the Korean constitution provides for balanced national development, the principle of solidarity stipulated in Articles 2 and 138 of the Spanish Constitution is stipulated to provide positive preferential treatment to areas in danger of late extinction or concern, so that the lives of the residents of the area are made. quality should be improved. Second, shared accommodation through settlement subsidies, tax reductions, and vacant home village regeneration should be made to activate residential mobility and sedentity in areas with reduced population and local extinction. Third, the Special Act on Support for Areas with Decreased Population has special regulations regarding the establishment of childcare facilities and universities, hearing opinions from the heads of local governments when kindergartens and elementary schools are closed, subsidizing expenses, and special measures for school","PeriodicalId":423802,"journal":{"name":"National Public Law Review","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114988326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verfassungsrechtliche Bewertung des Inhalts des ｢Grundverwaltungsgesetzes｣","authors":"Jung-Gyu Shin","doi":"10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.239","url":null,"abstract":"Das kürzlich erlassene ｢Basisverwaltungsgesetz」 wurde mit Fokus auf das Rechtsstaatsprinzip und den Grundsatz des ordentlichen Verfahrens evaluiert. Die Notwendigkeit und Wirksamkeit des Erlasses allgemeiner Vorschriften für den Verwaltungsbetrieb sind nicht zu leugnen. Vielmehr wird aus Sicht der Öffentlichkeit angesichts der Funktion der Exekutive, eine aktive Rolle bei der Politikformulierung und -durchsetzung zu spielen, der Erlass von Governance-Regeln für Verwaltungshandeln sicherlich zur Berechenbarkeit und Rechtssicherheit der Gesetzestreue durch die Bevölkerung beitragen und Vorschriften. sehen Sie es als Angesichts dieser positiven Perspektiven und der normativen Funktion des Verwaltungs- rahmengesetzes ist jedoch aus zukunftsorientierter Sicht eher eine aktivere Anwendung des Verwaltungsrahmen- gesetzes in der Verwaltungspraxis zu fordern Die organische Zusammenarbeit zwischen Verfassungstheorie und -praxis wird auch im eigentlichen Betriebsprozess als wichtig erachtet. Verwaltungs- und Verfassungsrecht sind ein Rechtsgebiet, das die Verwirklichung des öffentlichen Interesses und den Einklang mit privaten Interessen im Rahmen des öffentlichen Rechts verfolgt. Daher wird erwartet, dass die Zusammenarbeit und Kommunikation zwischen Verwaltungsrecht und Verfassungswissenschaft eine wichtige Bedeutung für das reibungslose Funktionieren des ｢Grundverwaltungsgesetzes」 haben und einen wichtigen Teil im Rechtsleben der Völker einnehmen. Daher möchte ich diesen Artikel im Vorgriff auf die nachhaltige Entwicklung des ｢Basisverwaltungsgesetzes」 und seine verfassungskonforme Wirkung und Anwendung schließen.","PeriodicalId":423802,"journal":{"name":"National Public Law Review","volume":"313 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132848099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Der kommunale Finanzausgleich für die ausgeglichene Staatsentwicklung","authors":"Dong-kyu Kim","doi":"10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2022.18.3.73","url":null,"abstract":"Die ausgeglichene Staatsentwicklung kann nur verwirklicht werden, wenn die ausreichende Finanz- und Verwaltungskompetenz der Kommunen gewährleistet sind, um regionale Entwicklungspolitiken zu fördern, die den örtlichen Gegebenheiten und den Bedürfnissen der Einwohner entsprechen. Mit anderen Worten sind die verfassungsrechtliche Garantie der Selbstverwaltung und die Dezentralisierung die Voraussetzungen für die ausgeglichene Staatsentwicklung. \u0000Von der Einführung der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung bis zur Gegenwart gehen die Diskussionen über die Selbstverwaltung davon aus, dass die Zentralregierung relativ starke Kompetenzen hat. Insbesondere in finanzieller Hinsicht können die Kommunen wegen der unzureichenden Kompetenz auf Steuereinnahmen eigene Politiken zur regionalen Entwicklung nicht selbst entscheiden und umsetzen. Außerdem sollten für die ausgeglichene Staatsentwicklung ausreichende finanzielle Kompetenz für alle Kommunen gewährleistet werden. Die Finanzkraft zwischen den Kommunen ist jedoch sehr unterschiedlich. \u0000Derzeit gibt es in Südkorea verschiedene Finanzausgleichssysteme für die Ergänzung der kommunalen Finanzkraft und den Ausgleich der unterschiedlichen Finanzkraft zwischen den Kommunen. Dazu gehören die regionalen Zuteilungssteuer und der regionale Entwicklungsfonds. Es ist auch zu erwarten, dass kommunale Finanzkraft und unterschiedliche Finanzkraft zwischen den Kommunen durch den Fonds für die Kommunen mit geringer Einwohnerzahl ergänzt und ausgeglichen werden können. \u0000Es stellt sich jedoch die Frage, ob der kommunale Finanzausgleich seine wesentliche Funktion erfüllt. Beispielweise ist bei der regionalen Zuteilungssteuer fraglich, ob ihre wesentliche Funktion getreu erfüllt wird. Denn bei der Verteilung der regionalen Zuteilungssteuer werden finanzkraftunabhängige Faktoren berücksichtigt. Es soll vielmehr diskutiert werden, ob der Staat die regionale Zuteilungssteuer als Mittel zur Kontrolle der Kommunen nutzen könnte. Freilich findet sich ein horizontaler Finanzausgleich(Entwicklungsfonds) in Südkorea. Jedoch hat der Entwicklungsfonds eine Grenze, die sich aus der Form des Fonds ergibt. Der Entwicklungsfonds reicht außerdem nicht aus, um die unterschiedlichen Finanzkraft zwischen den Kommunen auszugleichen, und seine Laufzeit ist begrenzt. Dies gilt auch für den Fonds für die Kommunen mit geringer Einwohnerzahl. Eine Grenze besteht ferner darin, dass es schwerig ist, organische Beziehung zwischen den Finanzausgleichssystemen abzuleiten, weil jeweilige Finanzausgleichssysteme in verschiedenen Gesetze geregelt sind und einzeln disskutiert werden.","PeriodicalId":423802,"journal":{"name":"National Public Law Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124972093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study on the Solution of Aging of Public Medical Institutions: Focus on Legal System on Public Private Partnership in Japan","authors":"J. Hwang","doi":"10.46751/nplak.2022.18.2.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2022.18.2.71","url":null,"abstract":"Public medical institution means medical institutions established and operated by the state or local governments to provide public health care to the people. Public medical institutions play a role in supplying inexpensive and good quality medical services to the public and supplying medical services to residents or socially disadvantaged people where the medical environment is weak. In addition, in the event of an infectious disease or other disaster, it is in charge of preventing and managing infectious diseases and treating victims affected by the disaster, and plays a role in responding to the crisis systematically at the national level. In particular, public medical institutions play an important role in preventing polarization in the medical field because they generally provide medical services to the public without considering profitability. \u0000Public medical institution that play such an important role are having difficulties in solving the aging of public medical institutions due to chronic deficits. In recent years, regional variations in the degree of aging have intensified, resulting in regional imbalances in medical service quality. Therefore, it is necessary to solve this problem by preparing a plan to solve the aging of public medical institutions by attracting private capital. However, under the current Act On Public-Private Partnerships In Infrastructure(2020), only the Private Finance Initiative(PFI) scheme accompanied by construction is used. So, in this scheme, new facilities such as hospital wards must be built or if old facilities exist, new building after full demolition of old one must be made. Therefore, it is necessary to omit the construction stage and introduce an operating Private Finance Initiative(PFI) scheme that allows the private sector to repair the ward, supply and maintain new medical devices, etc. \u0000In this motivation, the writer suggests to solve the aging of public medical institutions through comparison with Japan's public-private partnership law so that public safety can be secured from various risks such as COVID-19. Particularly, “The Right to Operate the Public Facility”(公共施設等運営権制度), which is a Japanese operating Private Finance Initiative(PFI) scheme, is reviewed, and the implications and limitations of this system on the Korean Private Finance Initiative(PFI) legislation are discussed.","PeriodicalId":423802,"journal":{"name":"National Public Law Review","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125657738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Research on Legal regulations of the Steering State to ensure freedom and safety from cyber risks and disasters: Focused on the Establishment of a constitutional view of the state and modernization of administrative regulations","authors":"Bongjung Sung","doi":"10.46751/nplak.2022.18.2.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46751/nplak.2022.18.2.135","url":null,"abstract":"The 4th industrial revolution is changing the way of life of individuals, the shape of freedom, and the structure of the market and society, which were identified in the national law, constitution, and administrative law. Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicle, drones, smart cities, smart factories, Fintech, cloud computing, 5G, etc. are making the cyber world and the real world work through various connections and convergence. Therefore, cyber risks and disasters seriously and continuously bring new violations of fundamental rights and market disturbances in a hyper-connected society. Technologies such as cyber hacking, which disrupt the market and infringe on citizens' fundamental rights, continue to develop. The enemies of freedom and society who carry out cyber attacks are wide and diverse in the form, scope, and aspect of the violation to the extent that the state or local governments cannot easily respond and overcome. Cyber dangers and disasters are instilling a common and widespread anxiety among citizens. This threatens freedom, which is the premise of a civil rule of law state. It also infringes on credibility, which is the premise of a communicative civil society. It undermines safety, which is the condition for the fusion of science and the humanities. The list of fundamental rights infringed by this includes the general freedom of action, freedom of expression, right to privacy and self-determination of personal information, basic IT rights, freedom and safety of life and body, freedom of residence, freedom of communication, property rights, and the right to be rescued from criminal damage, the right to claim protection from risks and disasters. Unlike fundamental rights in the offline society, the list of basic rights in cyberspace such as housing and freedom of telecommunication is not strictly separated but has a complex and overlapping nature. In this article, the author subdivides the basic IT rights that have recently been recognized by the German Federal Constitutional Court and presents them as the right to demand confidentiality, the right to demand integrity, and the right to demand availability. The subject of national laws that will guarantee freedom and safety against cyber risks and disasters should no longer be unilaterally limited to the state. Local governments as well as markets in which businesses and individuals participate should be included. This is because reliance on the conventional liberal view of the state, an social state view, and the privatized state view will lead to market failure and government failure again. Now, the state, local governments, and the market should work together to share responsibility for cyber risks and disasters and cooperate. The State shall ensure that it fulfills its guarantee responsibilities based on the guarantee state(Gewährleistungsstaat) view. The state should respect the autonomy of the market from the point of view of the Steering State","PeriodicalId":423802,"journal":{"name":"National Public Law Review","volume":"19 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131536154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}