International Journal of Immunology and Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Aspects Concerning Development Of Vaccine And Vaccination","authors":"L. Deac","doi":"10.55124/ijim.v1i1.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/ijim.v1i1.138","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate infectious diseases morbidity and mortality. Vaccines generate immunity across the body as a whole, but they can also provoke specific immune responses in specific bodily areas. Vaccination includes various ways of administering immunogenes.  Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology. With his importnata studies it was  figured out that when a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity results. The revolution of genetic engineering toward the end of the 20th century has greatly impacted vaccine development. Understanding the nature and cause of disease provides a basis for preventive action and control as even to improve the life quality by using the vaccination in the world.","PeriodicalId":423779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunology and Microbiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134345928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroidism Effect on Alopecia Patients In Pakistan","authors":"Muhhamd Waqar Mazhar","doi":"10.55124/ijim.v1i1.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/ijim.v1i1.137","url":null,"abstract":"TSH is hormone is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and stimulate the secretions of the thyroid gland. Its secretions are controlled by the TSH-R on the epithelial cells of the thyroid gland. It controls the production of the thyroxin hormone from thyroid gland that is involved in the production of heat and energy. But the excessive amount of this hormone leads to the hair fall in some of the peoples. Hyper thyroidism correlates with the human skin and hair structure and its function. In case of hyperthyroidism hair bulb cell proliferation increases and hence hair fall rate also increases. While in case of hypothyroidism the bulb cell proliferation reduces and so, hair fall increases. Samples from different regions of the south Punjab were taken that were analyzed by the special chemistry analyzer (minividas). The concentrations of the T4, T3, and TSH were measured. Some of the alopecia patients were recorded high level TSH. The patients were treated with thyroxin tablets that reduces TSH level. After that the patients are also treated with hair fin tab, folli one shampoo, wistin tab, and multivitamins. Now the patients were observed with microscope. The growth of hair follicles and hairs were recorded. Hence, thyroxin tab use to decrease TSH level in body for 1 month. Hair fin tab, folli one shampoo, wistin tab and multivitamins are best treatment methods for the growth of hairs in alopecia patients.","PeriodicalId":423779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunology and Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132147493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of Multi-Epitopic Domains of a Putative Oral Vaccine against Hepatitis C Virus","authors":"O. Adeoti","doi":"10.55124/ijim.v1i1.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/ijim.v1i1.39","url":null,"abstract":"For vaccine development, triggering an immune response is desired. Designing and assessing vaccine candidates for the appropriate immune response is critical for their success. Hepatitis C virus is the major cause of liver disease.  Anti HCV vaccines if designed is rational decision to reinforce specific T-cell as a crucial aspect of effective antiviral treatment. This study explored the use of bioinformatics tools by retrieval of twenty (20) HCV proteins which were selected for vaccine design. These were retrieved from UniProt server based on their antigenicity, virulence, subcellular localization, essentiality non-homology and other physical parameters, including, TM helices, and relative molecular mass. BLASTp revealed 80% non-identity with Homo sapiens genes. The Epitopes obtained include:  Q3S781_9HEPC52-71, POLG_HCVBK442-461, POLG_HCVJA2-21, POLG_HCVJ177-95, POLG_HCVCO445-464, POLG_HCVR61107-1126, POLG_HCVJP47-66, POLG_HCVTW664-683, POLG_HCVTR446-465, LTOR5_HUMAN23-42, POLG_HCVT5100-119, POLG_HCVJT77-96, HOIL1_HUMAN169-188, POLG_HCVJ4644-663, POLG_HCVJ847-66, TFB2M_HUMAN49-68, RSF1_HUMAN138-157, A8DGK3_9HEPC77-96,   A8DHN1_9HEPC54-73,   and A8DFL0_9HEPC2-21. An antigenicity score of 0.6004 was obtained with the use of VaxiJen server. The allergenicity prediction showed that the vaccine is not allergenic with the use of AllerTOP v.2.0 and AlgPred servers. The molecular weights and theoretical pI of protein were 45.1 kDa and 10.24 kDa respectively. A potentially suitable vaccine candidate with multivariant regions and immunogenic which could be antagonistic to HCV was designed. ","PeriodicalId":423779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunology and Microbiology","volume":"236 5-8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120931026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinctive Molecular typing of 16S rRNA of Bacillus species isolated from farm settlement.","authors":"O. Adeoti, Abidemi Hawawu Bello, Olajumoke Elisabeth Adedokun, Kafilat Adenike Komolafe, David Ademola Adesina, O. Olaoye","doi":"10.55124/ijim.v1i1.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/ijim.v1i1.55","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: There are numerous methods of isolating and detecting organisms that are similar and closely related; one of the most reliable method is molecular typing of 16S rRNA. Apart from being omnipresent as a multigene family, or operons; it is evolutionarily stable; the 16S rRNA gene (1,500 bp) is large enough for informatics purposes. \u0000Materials and Method: This study employed molecular sequencing of 16S rRNA by Sanger method to reveal the specific organisms’ nucleotides and blasting (BLASTn) to show the similarities between the resulting organisms and existing organisms. The 16S rRNA remains the best choice of identification process for bacteria because of its distinguishing sizes and evolutionary stability. \u0000Results: All isolates were Gram positive rods and were positive in Biochemical tests such as oxidase, catalase, citrate, and protease but were in turn negative in coagulase and indole test tests. On sensitivity test; 80% of all the isolates were resistant to common antibiotics except ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Based on the sequence difference in the variable region (V1) of 16S rRNA as observed from the molecular sequencing results; four isolates out of ten were identified. Six were different strains of B cereus. Others isolates include: wiedmannii, thuringensis, toyonensis and pseudomycoides. Sequence analysis of the primer annealing sites showed that there is no clear‐cut difference in the   conserved region of 16S rRNA, and in the gyrB gene, between B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that four isolates showed high similarity to each other; hence the limited number of deletions when subjected to alignments by maximum neighborhood joining parsimony using MEGA X software.  B. toyonensis, B. wiedmannii and thuringensis were distantly related. \u0000Introduction \u0000Authors Pathogens cause illness and death in some countries and it also causes infections and gastrointestinal diseases in other countries thereby causing public health concern. Pathogens are organisms capable of causing diseases. Reliable methods are needed for the detection of pathogens due to pathogen evolution as a result of new human habits or new industrial practices. \u0000  \u0000Microbial classification of organisms ranges from genus to specie level depending upon the technique used either phenotypic or genotypic. Presently, molecular methods now obtain advances to allow utilization in microbiology [1]. There are numerous molecular methods which are of fast and simple application to the detection of pathogen. Among the pathogens involved in human health, Bacillus cereus is interesting due to their ability to survive in various habitats [2]. \u0000The genus Bacillus is aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria, gram positive spore forming rod shaped bacteria. Which can be characterized by two morphological forms, the vegetative cell which range from 1.02 to 1.2 um in width and from 3.0 to 5.0 in length, it can be straight or slightly curve, motile or ","PeriodicalId":423779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunology and Microbiology","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132044937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Treatments and Vaccines: A year in Review","authors":"Joseph Murphy","doi":"10.55124/ijim.v1i1.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/ijim.v1i1.51","url":null,"abstract":"The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has precipitated an enormous collaborative global effort within the scientific and medical community in search of therapeutic and preventative solutions. The aim of this review is to collate the key developments regarding pharmacological treatments tested and vaccine candidates that have been approved to treat and arrest the spread of COVID-19. \u0000Introduction \u0000COVID-19 Transmission   \u0000The COVID-19 outbreak has caused one of the most widespread and significant public health crises in decades. It has become one of the leading causes of death internationally. The primary  route of transmission from person-to-person is from airborne aerosol spread through close physical  contact, particularly in enclosed, poorly ventilated areas.(1) Transmission through contaminated  objects was originally considered a major transmission contributor; however, it is no longer  considered a significant driver of the spread. Wearing masks has shown to be effective at  preventing or curtailing viral transmission, especially when combined with other measures like  social distancing and depopulation of indoor communal spaces.(2)  \u0000Mechanism of action: \u0000The mechanism of action and entry into human physiology at a cellular level has been described previously.(3) Briefly, the virus binds and enters the host cell through a spike  protein expressed on its surface. The infection begins when the long protruding spike proteins that latches on to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), a receptor involved in regulating blood pressure ACE-2 protein. From this point, the spike transforms, unfolding and refolding itself, using coiled spring-like parts that start out buried at the core of the spike. The reconfigured spike hooks and docks the virus particle to the host cell. This forms a channel allowing the viral genetic material into the unsuspecting cell, in the case of COVID-19, type II lung cells. From this point onwards,  most of the damage caused by COVID-19 results from the immune system going into overdrive to  stop the virus from spreading.(4) The influx of immune cells to the infected tissue causes severe  damage in the process of cleaning out the virus, infected cells, and bacterial infections with  potentially lethal consequences.   \u0000Treatments   \u0000Medical therapies to treat COVI-19 evolved rapidly. Treatments include drugs that were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and drugs made available under FDA emergency use authorizations (EUA). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has strongly encouraged clinicians, patients, and their advocates to consult the treatment guidelines published by the National Institute of Health (NIH). These guidelines are based on scientific evidence and expert opinion.(5) Several therapeutic modalities have been tested and deployed to treat the disease, some of which  are summarized here. \u0000Anti-virals: \u0000Antivirals are drugs that arrest the replication of the virus.","PeriodicalId":423779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunology and Microbiology","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126211227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the Association between Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Primary open angle Glaucoma in China","authors":"Jianwei Zhou","doi":"10.55124/ijim.v1i1.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55124/ijim.v1i1.30","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To assess the relationship between Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG); and meantime, to explore the possible mechanism of POAG induced by Hp. Methods: 30 consecutive POAG patients, 30 primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and cataract patients were recruited and divided into three groups according to different diseases. The sera and aqueous humor samples were collected and used to detect Hp-specific IgG antibody (Hp-Ab) with dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA). 14C-urea breath test (14C-UBT) was carried out to detect Hp infection of all participants. Results: The Hp-Ab positive rate respectively was 76.7% (23/30) and 66.7% in sera samples and aqueous humor samples for POAG group, which was significantly higher than the corresponding data of the other two groups (all P<0.05). In 14C-UBT, the Hp-Ab positive rate was 63.3% in POAG group and it was close to that of serological result detected by DIGFA (P>0.05). There were little numbers of positive ANA and ENA in the three groups and no meaning to make statistically analysis. Conclusions: There is positive association between Hp infection and POAG, and the autoimmune is suggested as one of the key mechanisms in our opinions. \u0000Introduction \u0000Glaucoma is one of the commonest causes for blindness in the world. Generally, glaucoma is divided into primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).1 As a leading causes for blindness, the study of POAG causes more and more attention.2,3To our understand, POAG is a chronic optic neuropathy characterized by atrophy and increased cupping of optic disk. To date, many aspects of its pathogenesis remain unknown but some significant risk factors are advanced age, African origin, familial history of glaucoma and elevated intraocular pressure.4,5 \u0000Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a Gram-negative and microaerophilic bacterium which plays an important role in the development of various upper gastrointestinal diseases. With the development of studies, some researchers reported that Hp was also associated with some extragastric diseases, such as ischemic heart disease,6 iron-deficient anemia,7 diabetes mellitus,8 and so on. In 2001, Kountouras et al9 established a higher prevalence of Hp infection in the sera of patients with POAG in a Greek population, and suggested a possible causal link between Hp and glaucoma. Subsequently, this finding was evidenced by some scholars in their own studies.10 But the significance of such an association remains uncertain because of the conflicting findings reported by various studies.11-13 Aiming to such a discrepancy, further studies are necessary.14 \u0000In this study, we just do detect Hp-specific IgG antibodies (Hp-Ab) in the sera and aqueous humor of patients with different ocular diseases, including POAG, PACG and cataract, and attempt to further determine the relationship between Hp infection and POAG and to analyze the possible mechanism of POAG induced by H","PeriodicalId":423779,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Immunology and Microbiology","volume":"443 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123623048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}