The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development最新文献

{"title":"Legal Aspects of Climate Change","authors":"K. Scott","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_029","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change constitutes the greatest global long-term threat to the health of the planet. States have however, been slow to recognize the implications of climate change for the oceans—in contrast to the atmosphere and biosphere. The subordinate status of the oceans in the climate regime complex is perpetuated by the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (unfccc)1 itself, which pays scant attention to both the impacts of climate change on the oceans and the capacity of the ocean to mitigate climate change through its function as a sink for carbon dioxide (CO2). Scientific research now underpins an improved public and indeed policy understanding of the impacts climate change on the oceans: increased water temperature and its impact on ecosystems and species including coral reefs; sea level rise; and, ironically, a reduction in the capacity of the oceans to absorb CO2.2 An excess of CO2 in the oceans also leads to a distinct but connected challenge: ocean acidification, the lowering of ocean pH,3 which poses a particular risk to calcifying organisms and reef ecosystems.4 However, the development of regulatory responses has thus far been fragmented, with a strong emphasis on soft targets and obligations designed to fill and bridge the gaps between instruments with a mandate to address climate change and ocean acidification. Moreover, as the largest natural sink for CO2 the oceans also represent a potential or at least a partial solution for climate change. Mediating this tension between protection and exploitation, and the moral complexity underpinning actions designed to mitigate and adapt to climate change, will be one of the greatest challenges for the law of the sea in the twenty-first century. This","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115329825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small-Scale Fisheries: Too Important to Fail","authors":"R. Chuenpagdee, S. Jentoft","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_059","url":null,"abstract":"According to some estimates,1 small-scale fisheries constitute at least onequarter of the world’s catches. When considering the number of people employed in fisheries, more than 90 percent of approximately 120 million people, including men and women in the South as well as in the North, involved in full-time and part-time harvest and post-harvest activities, are associated with small-scale fisheries.2 Unlike large-scale fisheries, where a large portion of catches goes into reduction (e.g., for fishmeal production) and for non-consumptive uses, about 95 percent of small-scale fisheries catches are destined for human consumption. Thus, small-scale fisheries contribute significantly to global and local food security, employment both directly and indirectly related to fisheries, and to viable livelihoods. The importance of small-scale fisheries extends to culture and heritage, and in many instances, they offer a way of life to many people besides employment. Small-scale fisheries values include, among other things, community cohesion, social safety net, and resource stewardship.3 A recent trend in many places around the world is for small-scale fisheries to offer education and recreational opportunities for the general public as they visit fishing villages and enjoy the experience of being in fishing communities and eating locally caught fish. Because not all of the diverse values of small-scale fisheries are quantifiable, they are often underappreciated and easily dismissed, which could lead to eroding of communities and social safety net.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116468476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Promise of Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: Questioning the Past, Rethinking the Future","authors":"Lucia Fanning","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_044","url":null,"abstract":"There is general agreement that the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro provided global recognition and acknowledgement of the dismal failure of sectoral management in understanding, anticipating, and responding to consequences arising from our interactions with other biotic and abiotic components of coastal and marine ecosystems. The conference is credited with also providing a globally accepted alternative approach to marine and coastal area management and development as outlined in Chapter 17 of Agenda 21.1 One that spans not only multiple jurisdictional levels but requires the co-ordination of sectoral activities and influences across the land-sea-air interface. With over 178 heads of state signing the final text of the agreement at the Rio Conference, the stage was set to adopt and implement integrated coastal and ocean management (icom). In her 1995 reflection on progress regarding the implementation of Agenda 21 and the integrated approach for managing coastal and ocean activities, Elisabeth Mann Borgese cautioned that we needed to take a long-term view and not be frustrated by the apparent lack of political will and means available for implementation that she was observing some three years after the Rio Earth Summit.2 She had reason for such optimism as within a few years, scholars and practitioners alike from across the globe were documenting the exponential growth in projects and programs focusing on developing and implementing icom.3","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131018853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meaningful Partnerships in Meaningful Ocean Governance","authors":"A. Charles","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_007","url":null,"abstract":"I once thought of ocean governance as primarily a matter of institutions and processes. The ultimate description of ocean governance within such a perspective is through decision-making flowcharts and organizational charts. But if ocean governance is treated as a ‘functional’ matter of institutions and processes, it may be missing the key underlying ingredient. Values. Values tell us what kind of ocean, and what kind of ocean users, to be favoring. Values drive our individual and community choices. It is odd, then, that governance often focuses on institutions and processes, without explicit attention to the crucial underlying values. In reality, however, in such cases, governance still reflects implicit values—but not necessarily values that reflect what is truly desired. Surely, there is a strong case, then, for values being explicit, and accordingly, receiving greater attention in ocean governance. There is a parallel with partnerships. I once thought of partnerships as largely a ‘functional’ vehicle of governance, within the context of institutions and processes. But underlying every partnership is the matter of who chooses the partners. If the choice is made by government, then that determines who has a seat at the governance table. A values-based view requires looking carefully at whether the choice of participants reflects underlying values. For example, does the partnership involve a diversity of ocean users and coastal communities, or does government choose as partners a few large companies controlling access to marine resources? These alternatives would reflect very different values.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"165 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124634308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geospatial Data Infrastructures and Ocean Governance","authors":"J. Boxall","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_047","url":null,"abstract":"As trite as it may sound, everything has a location. The issue with geospatial information and technologies is that more locations and applications relate to the Earth’s brown and green surfaces, and built environments, rather than to the blue ocean. This fundamental issue of disproportionate data collection, analysis, and use is at the heart of a tremendous growth in new applications and data created within the ocean domain. From a marine spatial planning perspective, it also forms the need for ocean governance through data sharing and scientific communication. The driving forces of the new era of ocean geospatial development are climate change, resource use/depletion, and geopolitical conflicts. The greatest benefit of geospatial technology and analysis is that these forces can be viewed as they occur in reality, as interconnected and overlapping problems that have spatial extents, as well as spatial causes and solutions. Ocean governance happens somewhere, within situations having locations, movements, and interactions. Whether it be political, technical or natural, location is central, and so location-based technologies and geospatial data must be at the core of any analysis or policy associated with governance.1 Geospatial data infrastructures are expressions of policies and products. Data management is the essential, but not sole, product component. Within this are related issues of connectivity (bandwidth), security, metadata, software, storage, preservation, open access, privacy, and cloud computing, to name a few. Processes of collecting, sharing, and communicating geospatial data are changing radically, thereby forcing a reflection on the policies and products. This will continue to have an enormous impact on ocean governance as it gets to the core of management issues preceding decision-making. The entire system of geospatial data and technology has for some time been defined as spatial data infrastructures (sdi). From data collection to metadata, format integration, distributed computer interaction, software, storage,","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"144 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132502495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological Change in the Oceans and the Role of Fisheries","authors":"B. Worm","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_039","url":null,"abstract":"When I took a course with Elisabeth Mann Borgese in 1999, she reminded us that the oceans are constantly changing, both in their outer appearance, and their internal workings. Constant ecological change makes the ocean fascinating to observe and study, but challenging to understand and manage. Long-term changes are brought about by geological processes such as sediment transport, volcanism, and plate tectonics that affect the very shape of ocean basins and the extent of habitat features such as shallow shelf seas conducive to biological productivity. On intermediate time scales, climate-driven changes in ocean temperature, circulation, and chemistry can have profound ecological effects on the abundance and distribution of marine life forms, and even caused massive extinction events in the past. Over the last few thousand years, however, people have gradually become a dominant agent of change in the oceans. Initially tied to the continents where we evolved, human hunters at least 42,000 years ago started to venture out into the ocean to pursue large fish.1 Driven by changes in fishing technology, human population size, and global trade, this role has been extending to all ocean basins, and even parts of the deep sea. Over the last two decades, the profound ecological change brought about by human activities has also been studied in detail by the scientific community. Although human impacts on ocean ecosystems involve many pathways, there is little doubt that fishing— defined here as any extraction of marine animals and plants—is the activity that historically has had the most transformative ecological effects.2 Although it is not clear how much marine life has been removed over the entire history of fishing, recent total catches likely","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126356203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Canada Protecting Its Marine Species at Risk?","authors":"S. Brillant","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_049","url":null,"abstract":"Global extinction of a species is an irreversible condition—a permanent alteration of our unique world. It cannot be corrected. It cannot be mitigated. Efforts to compensate for extinction are ineffective excuses for a failed responsibility. As a result, the only solution is to prevent species from becoming locally extinct or extirpated. Under natural conditions, some species are common and some are rare. This can be a result of a variety of factors, e.g., the abundance of food, habitat, mates, and the inherent rates of birth and death for the species. Human activities, however, affect all of these variables. Thus, rareness and extinction are not only a result of human activities, but humans are very good at creating both conditions. If a species is ‘rare’, it generally means that there are only a small number of individuals in the population or that they only occur in a relatively small area, or both. Rare species are generally also considered at risk of becoming extinct (hereafter referred to as ‘at risk’). Regardless of the abundance of a species, it may also be considered at risk if its population is (a) drastically declining, (b) exposed to severe mortality, or (c) losing an excessive amount of habitat (or a reducing quality of habitat). Furthermore, many agencies (e.g., national governments, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature) use categories of risk to indicate the magnitude of likelihood that a species will become extinct; e.g., in order of increasing likelihood: ‘vulnerable’, ‘threatened’, and ‘endangered’. There can be many reasons a society becomes interested in avoiding the extinction of a species. For example, the species may be an important natural resource that must be managed to ensure it continues to be plentiful enough to be harvested (and profitable), or there may be a need to demonstrate that a particular human activity is being managed responsibly, such that it is not causing inadvertent damage to living organisms. The species may also have inherent value to society that is not linked to any particular need, service, or measureable benefit. Many societies have developed laws that are intended to prevent species from becoming extinct. In Canada, several pieces of legislation manage","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122982822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation and Scenario-Based Learning","authors":"M. Fournier, D. Griffiths","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_018","url":null,"abstract":"Every summer, during the first week of the International Ocean InstituteCanada’s (IOI-Canada) Ocean Governance Training Program, each participant is asked to select an unmarked envelope. Opening it introduces them to an imaginary world in which they become members of diverse organizations creating an ocean and coastal policy for an imaginary country. For the next two months these mid-career professionals from a wide range of nations, cultures, and languages will engage in an immersive experience that illustrates the benefits, challenges, and opportunities of simulation as a learning and skilldevelopment tool.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116292417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Search of Relief with Development","authors":"I. McAllister","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_076","url":null,"abstract":"From Bangladesh and Myanmar to Syria, Mexico and Puerto Rico—today’s world is fraught with crises. Some are people-made, some are ‘natural’. Many are some combination—underpinned by the earlier symptoms of global warming or widening gaps between rich and poor. Since at least the earlier post-World War ii years, international development agencies, not least the World Bank and European Investment Bank, sought to balance ‘structural adjustment’ strategies with fostering efforts ‘to oil’ economies through a reduction of impediments to freer flowing markets: ‘perfect competition’ remained a theory to be cited, if not a practice to be pursued ‘in one’s own backyard’. Principles and procedures needed to be articulated and infused into legal systems. Among two such examples are the various efforts to codify ‘human rights’ (tracking back to the initial Geneva Convention triggered by Henry Dunant, founder of the International Red Cross movement) and the law of the sea (much supported by the life work of Elisabeth Mann Borgese). This short essay, and more particularly the brief book that it draws upon, is much influenced by both. The experience of working within, and exposure to, Henry Dunant’s legacy of the International Red Cross Federation led the author to write a small booklet Projects for Relief and Development.1 The subsequent use of that work as part of course materials by the author for International Ocean Institute (ioi) courses, at the request of Elisabeth Mann Borgese, led in part to the writing of the ‘more cautious’ book that is addressed in this essay, Projects in Search of Relief with Development.2 That work comprises six main chapters, incorporating a number of planning and management frameworks, as well as drawing upon a variety of case studies and ‘lessons learned’ critiques. These case experiences range from the 2015 earthquake in Nepal to challenges that have been encountered by Newfoundland, Canada, from a variety of African and South-East Asian events, to reflections on a sample of North American and European Union approaches. The introductory chapter opens by challenging the reader to define a ‘good project’ and just how its potential impacts are indeed to be assessed. So-called ‘relief ’ and ‘development’ projects are introduced: issues such as community","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123836957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Article 82 of UNCLOS: A Clear Outcome of the ‘Package Deal’ Approach of the Convention Negotiation","authors":"Frida M. Armas-Pfirter","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_024","url":null,"abstract":"Its implementation is not an easy task and raises many problems.2 But, seeing the glass as half full, we also need to acknowledge that there are some important elements that have already been defined, e.g., the rate and grace period of the payments and contributions, the institution through which the payments shall be made, and the basic criteria to distribute the funds collected. This positive approach to the problem does not imply minimizing several complex issues whose resolution is still pending. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to solve them to provide greater certainty to the offshore industry and to the work of the International Seabed Authority (isa). This essay briefly considers the origin and rationale of Article 82, but cannot attempt to solve all the problems. Rather it tries to provide useful elements for their solution and, in particular, it identifies various problems with respect to the three actors involved in implementation of Article 82: the coastal state, the isa, and the beneficiary states.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123961541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}