Day 1 Mon, November 05, 2018最新文献

{"title":"Field Experiments on Shear Strength of Solid and Freeze-Bonded Sea Ice","authors":"M. T. Boroojerdi, R. Taylor, S. Mohammadafzali, Eleanor Bailey-Dudley, I. Turnbull, R. Hossain","doi":"10.4043/29154-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29154-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sea ice rubble/ridge strength and interaction mechanics are highly important in the design of structures and subsea infrastructure for ice prone offshore environments. To better characterize sea ice conditions in northern Newfoundland, a series of field tests were conducted on landfast ice in Pistolet Bay, NL in February 2018. This paper presents a summary of recent shear strength tests on solid and freeze-bonded ice specimens, to help improve understanding of ice rubble properties and behaviour under field conditions. Both horizontal and vertical sea ice samples were tested under dry and submerged conditions, as well as freeze-bonded ice samples under submerged conditions. Sea ice samples were sheared using the Asymmetric Four Point Bending (AFPB) method, which has been shown to produce a near pure shear region at the center of the specimen. For the dry tests, cores were sheared directly after collection so as to test them in conditions as close to in-situ as possible. For submerged tests, cores were submerged for a specific period of time before shearing. Freeze-bonded samples were prepared using a confinement frame which applied a pressure of 25 kPa to the specimens during submergence. These data for AFPB field tests are an important consideration in modelling the strength of ice rubble/ridges and are the first of their kind. From this work it may be concluded that the AFPB method is a promising approach for studying shear strength of both solid and freeze-bonded specimens in the field and additional testing is recommended. New field testing approaches, such as the one presented here, will help improve understanding of in-situ sea ice properties and behavior, which ultimately supports the development of new ice-structure interaction models, which directly benefits oil and gas, shipping, renewable energy, and public works projects in ice prone Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions.","PeriodicalId":422752,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, November 05, 2018","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121068431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AUDAX and PUGNAX, Unique PC-3 Class Heavy Transport Vessels Designed for Module Transportation for LNG Liquefaction Projects in Arctic Remote Locations","authors":"Rinse van Lievenoogen, M. Hovilainen, Ville Valtonen","doi":"10.4043/29113-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29113-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Polar Class Module Carriers AUDAX and PUGNAX were built for a unique service; year-round transportation of ultra-heavy construction modules for the Yamal LNG plant which is located near Sabetta on the Yamal Peninsula, 4 degrees north of the Arctic Circle. The average- and winter conditions in the Russian Arctic, especially the Ob Bay area, are extremely harsh. Dedicated Vessels were essential to provide the Client the required year-round module transportation service in these challenging conditions. The unique design of the sister vessels AUDAX and PUGNAX is jointly developed by Aker Arctic Technology and RED BOX Energy Services.\u0000 A special custom/one-off hull shape has been engineered to ensure the Vessels can perform reliable module transportation in Arctic conditions within a limited timeframe. The requirement for stern-to loadout and discharge operations made a conventional hull shape or double acting ships (sailing a-stern in ice) design impossible. With the aid of CFD calculations and model testing at Aker Arctic's own test basin, the unique hull shape for the Vessels was developed.\u0000 With the CFD analysis a new ice bow was designed specifying icebreaking capacities to 1.5 meters of level ice. Results of the performed tests demonstrated the Vessels design exceed the minimum required performance. Furthermore, in close cooperation with DNV-GL the Vessels obtained Polar Class 3 (PC-3) approval. In addition, two special studies were done by DNV-GL and the CNIIMF to proof compliance with ARC-7 Class, the Russian equivalence of PC-3.\u0000 The bow design of the 43 meter (141 foot) wide Vessels enables them to break ice up to 1.5 meters (5 foot) thick, independently. AUDAX and PUGNAX can cope with temperatures of -50°C (-58°F) and still navigate safe and reliable during the 9-months ice coverage period in the Arctic, including the challenging polar nights which last for two months annually.\u0000 Both Vessels were delivered early 2016 and have, since then, profoundly navigated around the clock; AUDAX and PUGNAX delivered 48 modules at the Yamal Peninsula while safe navigating 30.000 mile through ice covered waters.\u0000 In March 2017, Aker Arctic and RED BOX jointly assessed the performance of AUDAX, when the Vessel sailed from the Yamal Peninsula to Zeebrugge (Belgium). The overall performance of the AUDAX was impressive, performing well-above its specifications in both ice breaking conditions as well as in modules loading- and discharge operations.\u0000 AUDAX and PUGNAX are one of the largest icebreaking Vessels in the world. Combining these icebreaking capabilities with a unique module transportation approach, RED BOX created an extraordinary Logistic Service to serve large-scale Energy Infrastructure projects in Arctic Regions. The additional special features of the Vessels which includes deck heating and internal ballast transfer make efficient transportation and cargo operations in extreme harsh environments feasible.","PeriodicalId":422752,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, November 05, 2018","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127026824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a New Operational Iceberg Drift Forecast Model for the Grand Banks of Newfoundland","authors":"I. Turnbull, T. King, F. Ralph","doi":"10.4043/29109-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29109-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During July 2018, an expedition was carried out offshore northern Newfoundland to central Labrador to profile, track, and forecast the drift of icebergs. One of the central goals of the drift modelling work was to test potential improvements in iceberg drift forecast accuracy up to 24 hours when measured iceberg profiles are used as opposed to estimated iceberg draft and mass. During the expedition, 14 icebergs were profiled using a rapid iceberg profiling system which uses a multibeam for the underwater portion of the iceberg and a LiDAR for the freeboard. The 14 icebergs were tracked on the vessel marine radar, and their drift was forecast using a physical model which time integrates the momentum balance of the forces acting on the iceberg. The iceberg profiles were three-dimensional point clouds which provided a highly accurate representation of the iceberg dimensions and shape, and from which a volume and mass could be readily calculated. The point cloud was projected into a two-dimensional plane from 16 perspective angles and averaged into a single projection of iceberg keel and freeboard against which the currents and winds were forced in the drift model, respectively. Average results for the forecast iceberg position versus observed at 24 hours show approximately a nearly 3 km or 18% improvement when iceberg profiles are incorporated into the drift model as opposed to using estimated iceberg draft, shape, and mass. The drift model will become part of an integrated ice profiling, forecasting, and management system for oil and gas exploration and drilling operations on the Grand Banks offshore Newfoundland.","PeriodicalId":422752,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, November 05, 2018","volume":"165 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125968376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Application of 4D Satellite Seafloor Morphology 4D-SSM for Determining Ownership of Oil and Gas Resources in Arctic Waters","authors":"R. Poll","doi":"10.4043/29101-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29101-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) dictates under international law how all offshore maritime frontier waters are to be \"divided up\" in the world today.\u0000 All Law of the Sea (LOS) applications, begin with coastlines and/or their related coastal frontages. The United Nations (UN) lists 152 countries (conventional coastal states) as being applicable to the rules of procedures for LOS applications. Additionally, and more recently, we include three coastal countries (land-locked \"sea/lake\" states) in the Caspian Sea, as well as seven additional coastal (land-locked \"lake\") states, for the Great Lakes of Africa. Therefore, basic LOS mapping principles, that begins with coastlines and/or coastal frontages will impact 162 countries in the world today. The accuracies of present-day mapped features that are components of all coastal (and land-locked \"sea/lake\") states’ coastlines', will be used to produce various mathematical applications for the LOS.\u0000 The offshore Arctic maritime spaces (for five relevant littoral countries), is one of the more complex regions of the world, and, from a current LOS standpoint, basic summaries on the status of LOS and how it directly relates to the oil and gas industry will be reviewed.","PeriodicalId":422752,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, November 05, 2018","volume":"43 171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131607946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}