Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization最新文献

{"title":"Local Content, Smartphones, and Digital Inclusion","authors":"M. Surman, C. Gardner, David Ascher","doi":"10.1162/INOV_A_00217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/INOV_A_00217","url":null,"abstract":"events of this century. Mobile phones will be the primary way these people come online. This change is already unfolding rapidly and generating worldwide excitement, as mobile phones begin to play their part in improving social and economic outcomes around the world. But now is the time to ask, what kind of Internet do we need to build to unlock these social and economic opportunities for people in emerging markets? Even if we solve key issues like access, affordability, and efficiency, what will the next billion Internet users find when they get online? Will it interest them? Will it improve their lives? Will they be able to help shape the Internet to ensure that it does?","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114776192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Converting Western Internet to Indigenous Internet: Lessons from Wikipedia","authors":"K. Wadhwa, H. Fung","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00224","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127913531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Democratizing Legal Information Across Africa: An Inside Look at Digitizing Local Content","authors":"A. Steinberg, Peres Were, A. Ng'weno","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00221","url":null,"abstract":"best interest to legally separate from him, her immediate concern is to ensure financial stability for herself and her children. Wanjiku travels a short distance from her home in Kibera, Nairobi’s largest slum, to a local public library to research the rights of married women and alimony laws in Kenya. She is directed to the African Law Library (ALL), an online resource that grants her access to more than 35,000 Kenyan documents, including nearly 500 legal acts. She enters the keyword “separation,” which brings her to “Subordinate Courts (Separation and Maintenance) Act,” which states, “Any woman may apply to the court for an order or orders under this Act on any of the following grounds, namely—that her","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124214369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Green: A Rural Video-Based Social Network for Farmer Training (Innovations Case Narrative: Digital Green)","authors":"Kerry Harwin, R. Gandhi","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00216","url":null,"abstract":"who aspires to become a star. The window these platforms provide into the lives of others is inspiring people to pursue their dreams as they see peers dance, sing, invent, and cook their way to fame. People living in rural communities in emerging parts of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa learn and are motivated by their peers in similar ways. Although they may not have access to the Internet or bandwidth or even electricity, these individuals learn by observing their neighbors’ fields, by asking others about the crops they grow and how they grow them, or inquiring about neighbors’ health issues and how they treat them. Development agencies, from government departments to the NGOs that work with these rural communities, are critical catalysts in this learning process. The Digital Green approach, currently deployed in India, Ghana, and Ethiopia, was founded in the belief that video can be a powerful tool to increase the effectiveness of agricultural extension, but that its benefits cannot be fully realized unless it is instituted through a process of localized content creation, facilitated dissemination, and institutionalization within broader extension processes.","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121087233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To the Next Billion: Mobile Network Operators and the Content Distribution Value Chain","authors":"Matthew Guilford","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00213","url":null,"abstract":"physical, and social well-being by making better decisions based on widely known or knowable information and content. For example, fishermen in poor Indian villages can maximize the financial impact of a grueling day of work through their insights into prices at the local market. Women can save their own lives and the lives of their unborn babies by knowing and acting on the warning signs of a highrisk pregnancy. In these cases and hundreds more, providing content that is either widely recognized as fact or that is easily acquired can have a tremendous impact. Recognizing this potential, social entrepreneurs in academia, NGOs, government, and the private sector have rightly rushed to create mobile services that provide important content and information to low-income people. Moreover, many of these services are having the desired impact on the people they serve. At the same time, however, it is difficult to view services that reach even hundreds of thousands of people as realizing the full potential of a mobile user base in the billions. If these services are so inherently valuable, why aren’t they achieving the scale that the mobile revolution promised? What’s going wrong? Other authors contributing to this journal have stated that access to a highquality, relevant content base is clearly a critical factor for the success of mobile information services. However, raw content alone is not sufficient to drive impact, no matter how necessary it might be. The process of bringing the content to the user is a critical counterpoint to content development. It is also a routine point of failure, particularly in low-income environments with poor infrastructure, where the distribution of content is much more complex than simply publishing it online. As one of the world’s major mobile network operators (MNOs), with 172 million customers in 13 diverse markets ranging from Bangladesh to Bulgaria and Myanmar to Montenegro, Telenor Group has worked with mobile content for several decades. In this article, I will share some of the insights Telenor and other MNOs have acquired about how to scale high-impact mobile content most effectively.","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"349 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125628554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 80–20 Debate: Framework or Fiction? How Much Development Work Is Standardized across Geographies, and How Much Is Customized for Local Conditions","authors":"L. Long, S. Chamberlain, Kirsten Gagnaire","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00219","url":null,"abstract":"benefits of using technology to train community health workers (CHWs). She stated that, using current technology, 80 percent of training content for CHWs could be standardized and shared globally, with only 20 percent needing to be localized for different contexts and countries. Lesley-Anne identified the 80-20 ratio based on her firsthand experience in founding and leading the Health, Education and Training (HEAT) program in Ethiopia. In that role, she received feedback from health workers, NGOs, and","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131797605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building a Foundation for Digital Inclusion: A Coordinated Local Content Ecosystem","authors":"Christopher Burns, Jonathan Dolan","doi":"10.1162/INOV_A_00214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/INOV_A_00214","url":null,"abstract":"early as 2011, its impact on GDP growth in G8 countries had already surpassed that of other global industries, such as energy and agriculture, and it is rapidly transforming the emerging markets in which we work. In Kenya, for instance, information and communication technologies (ICTs) now contribute an astounding 12.1 percent to the country’s GDP. However, this growth has primarily been fueled by consumption, including online sales and advertising, and private investments in infrastructure and software. The Digital Development team at the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) works to ensure that the value derived from the digital economy is inclusive, that it not only reaches underserved populations but enables them to be creators and collaborators, thereby maximizing the power of digital technology to drive broad-based benefit. Our investments are guided by two key questions: 1. What tools and capabilities does an individual need to be a full participant in the digital economy? 2. What policies, platforms, and systems must be in place to enable her to act upon those tools and capabilities?","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133112846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyper-Local Content Is Key—Especially Social Media: A Cross-Country Comparison of Mobile Content in Brazil, China, India, and Nigeria","authors":"Marco Veremis","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00220","url":null,"abstract":"but they are now increasingly making inroads in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Consumers across emerging markets are keen to use mobile apps, but they face significant barriers. For instance, more than one-third of consumers in developing nations find content too expensive, and app stores, which usually are driven by mobile networks or brands such as Google and Apple, require access to credit or banking facilities. Translation presents another major obstacle; many mobile users cannot find the content they are searching for—or any content at all—in their local language. Consumers in emerging markets expect to interact primarily with highly localized mobile social networks and health services, followed by music and entertainment content, and then gaming. This is not to say that news and business content are less important—consumer interaction with all types of content must be taken seriously in order to understand attitudes toward and perceptions of mobile. Upstream’s “The Next Mobile Frontier Report”—a survey of mobile consumers in Brazil, China, India, Nigeria (and Vietnam)—ranked content preferences as follows: social networking (82%), music (81%), news (78%), gaming (65%), lifestyle (54%), books (53%), business or financial services (46%), educa-","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"174 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129989198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mobile Web: Amplifying, but Not Creating, Changemakers","authors":"E. Schoemaker","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00218","url":null,"abstract":"the technology that will transform the lives of the world’s poor. Describing Internet connectivity as “the foundation of the knowledge economy” and a human right, Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook, launched a philanthropic initiative, Internet.org, to provide free access to Facebook and other select Internet sites. Google is experimenting similarly with balloons and broadcast frequencies—such as “white space” from the unused television spectrum—to drive access, and it also has launched Google Zero in partnership with mobile network operators to provide free access to select Google services. The Wikipedia Foundation also has joined the movement, partnering with 29 operators in 34 countries to provide mobile users access to Wikipedia Zero, with the goal of building “a world in which every single human on the planet has equal access to the sum of all knowledge.” Development organizations also have embraced technology’s potential to reduce poverty; the World Bank argues that smartphones with data connectivity “not only empower individuals but have important cascade effects stimulating growth, entrepreneurship, and productivity throughout the economy as a whole.” Both private-sector and development organizations thus share a common belief that access is the key to unlocking technology’s full potential to contribute to economic growth. However, because technology tends to amplify existing patterns and intent, focusing solely on access is likely to entrench existing inequalities further. To counter any amplification of the culture of poverty and oppression, people in the developing world will need to have the capacity to produce digital content that can enhance local knowledge and strengthen champions of change. This essay first outlines the economic argument that dominates the case for using the mobile phone in development, and then shows that technological con-","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121093668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mobile Guide Toward Better Health: How Mobile Kunji Is Improving Birth Outcomes in Bihar, India (Innovations Case Narrative: Mobile Kunji (Mobile Guide))","authors":"S. Chamberlain","doi":"10.1162/inov_a_00215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/inov_a_00215","url":null,"abstract":"highest maternal and child mortality rates in the world. With a population larger than that of Western Europe and a limited infrastructure, reaching the state’s 27 million women of childbearing age is a daunting task. The Ananya Program—a collaboration between the Bihar state government and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation—aims to reduce maternal and infant mortality in the state significantly by December 2015. BBC Media Action’s role in Ananya is to communicate life-saving information and help to shape healthy behaviors that tackle the main causes of maternal, newborn, and child deaths. BBC Media Action uses media to inform, connect, and empower people in more than 20 countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Central and Eastern Europe. Media Action, which reaches over 200 million people globally, has worked for more than 15 years in India on a wide range of projects focused on gender, labor rights, disaster preparedness, the environment, HIV/AIDS, TB, and maternal and child health. The Ananya Program asked BBC Media Action to tackle 11 priority behaviors among rural women: (1) institutional delivery; (2) safe delivery at home with a skilled birth attendant; (3) preventive postnatal care; (4) skin-to-skin/“kangaroo” care; (5) early and exclusive breastfeeding; (6) age-appropriate complementary","PeriodicalId":422331,"journal":{"name":"Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125344454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}