Political Anthropology eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Trade as a Premise for Social Complexity","authors":"A. Berea","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2642958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2642958","url":null,"abstract":"The argument of this paper is that trade is an important causal factor for the origins of social complexity, not just a co-evolutionary process. Ancient trade has played a crucial role for the origins of the first state level society (Early Uruk) and was a premise for social complexity between 9000 and 3000 BC. Due to the comparative advantage for clay and water transportation and to a series of innovations (pottery wheel and the tokens system), during the first state level polity there emerged a series of institutions, such as money, redistribution and wage payments. These subsequently increased the level of social complexity and economic development of the Early Uruk from city to the status of first political economy. A secondary hypothesis of this paper is concerned with the type of organization of this first political economy. The argument is that Uruk was more an entrepreneurial organization that paid wages according to the division of labor and had less central governance for the redistribution of the public goods. It was a “political enterprise” with more entrepreneurial attributes than political attributes. Thus, the necessary and sufficiency conditions for trade as a premise for social complexity are being fulfilled.","PeriodicalId":422077,"journal":{"name":"Political Anthropology eJournal","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133991230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acceptance of Dual Citizenship: Empirical Data and Political Contexts.","authors":"Joachim Blatter, S. Erdmann, K. Schwanke","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3005979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3005979","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present empirical data on the historical development, the current regulations and the political contexts of dual citizenship regulations in the world. With this focus on empirical data this report presents complementary information in respect to the first results of our research project. In the paper “Dual citizenship and democracy” Joachim Blatter (2008) discussed the normative implications of dual citizenship on the basis of six theories of democracy. The first part contains an overview on existing surveys on dual citizenship. These surveys indicate that the acceptance of dual citizenship by countries has been rising strongly since Second World War. At the beginning of the 21st Century, from 189 analyzed countries, 87 show a rather positive stance toward dual citizenship and 77 a rather negative one. For 25 countries, the existing surveys do not provide consistent results. In the second part of the paper, we present the findings of our own expert survey in which we collected more differentiated information about the contexts, salience, goals and specifics of dual citizenship regulation for 35 countries. Our data reveals the high political salience of citizenship regulations in many countries and the fact that the acceptance of dual citizenship is often a very controversial aspect of citizenship reforms. In line with the data in the first part of the paper, our data shows a steady trend towards broader acceptance of dual citizenship. Furthermore, we discover a trend towards more symmetric regulations of dual citizenship insofar that emigrants and immigrants are treated similar. Although this is mainly due to the fact that dual citizenship is facilitated for emigrants we do not interpret this as a re-ethnicization of citizenship but as a trend towards an expansive and non-exclusive notion of citizenship. Contrary to many normative theorists, most countries do not apply any restrictions for dual citizens in respect to political participation and in respect to taking political offices. Finally, our data does not confirm any “securitization” discourses. Both, the traditional/conservative fear that dual citizens might produce military or diplomatic conflicts between states and the liberal/critical warning that dual citizenship might be used for expelling and denationalizing migrants, which are perceived as threats to the host society, have proven unwarranted (so far).","PeriodicalId":422077,"journal":{"name":"Political Anthropology eJournal","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131889036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Philanthropy and Third Sector in Bangladesh: Overview, Extent, Activities, and Impacts","authors":"M. Ahmad, Samiul Hasan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3007055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3007055","url":null,"abstract":"This is a part of a major work undertaken by the Asia Pacific Philanthropy Information Network (APPIN) to map philanthropy and third sector activities in some selected countries in Asia including Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. This segment on Bangladesh is divided into three section. The first section provides an overview of philanthropy (including zakat and sadaqa), the third sector (including waqf or Muslim foundation), historical growth, policy environment, and the laws related to incorporation and tax treatment of the third sector. The second section provides an overview of an activity-based classification, identifying various fields internationally where non-profit organizations are active. The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project developed the International Classification of Non-Profit Organisations or ICNPO. We used this classification to explore the variety of third sector activity in each country, but we extended the ICNPO to include trading co-operatives. The third section provides an overview of the extent, focus, and impacts of ‘grant making foundations’ in the country. The proliferation of the third sector organizations (TSO) has resulted in a decrease in community initiatives in the country e.g. instead of taking initiatives in establishing a school by their own, as in the past, people try to influence the NGOs to establish one. The elected governments, since 1991, have endeavoured to restrict the third sector activities that in many instances exposed the government’s inefficiency or program and service failures.","PeriodicalId":422077,"journal":{"name":"Political Anthropology eJournal","volume":"46 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127883562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why We Need to Govern Well","authors":"Michael D’Ascenzo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3087643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3087643","url":null,"abstract":"In times of chaos, change, adversity, and even plenty - good governance should hold the centre, so as to hold things together. But the concept of 'governance' is not new. It is as old as human civilisation itself. Put simply, 'governance' means: the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). And hence good governance is equally as relevant and important to the Tax Office, as it is to you.","PeriodicalId":422077,"journal":{"name":"Political Anthropology eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125214183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ten Years of EU Support for Regional or Minority Languages: A Financial Assessment","authors":"F. Grin, T. Moring, Michele Gazzola, J. Häggman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2687746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2687746","url":null,"abstract":"The aims of this paper is to provide an information base that at the service of scholars, language planners, and other users as part of broader, yet systematic assessments of the extent of EU support for small languages. This paper provides a general overview of EU interventions in favour of RMLs, an overview on support measures and figures for the 1994-2000 period, and support measures for the period after 2000 -- namely, after the suspension of the specific budget line for RMLs.","PeriodicalId":422077,"journal":{"name":"Political Anthropology eJournal","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124797462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metrological Harmonization as a Contributing Factor to the Development of Commercial Exchange in the Mediterranean Towards the End of the 2nd Century B.C.: The Case of the Athenian Decree on Weights and Measures","authors":"M. Rizzi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2595973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2595973","url":null,"abstract":"The athenian decree on weights an measures from the end of the second century B.C., IG II² 1013, is an often quoted, but rarely examined in more depth source of antique legal history. This is especially true from a legal and/or economic historian's point of view; the research conducted so far is predominantly epigraphic, metrological and numismatic. At the same time, analyzing economic aspects of antique history, particularly legal history, is becoming more and more prevalent. Douglass North's theory of New institutional economics has been of particular influence in this regard.This paper examines § 3 of the decree, where the use of a new measure of volume is ordered, and especially § 4, where the market weight of the mna emporike is reformed, i.e. incremented by 8.7%, in an attempt to clarify its legal aim and purpose as well as its possible economic implications. So far, the introduction of these alterations has been viewed and discussed by some historians mainly as a question of confrontational economic policy, i.e. if the decree was enacted following political pressure from the increasingly dominant Rome, or rather a protective measure by Athens against presumably fraudulent roman businessmen. Examining and recalculating the relation among the then prevalent weight units of the roman pound, the athenian mna and the roman and athenian talent before and after the enactment of the decree, it is argued that this law led to compatibility through an easy convertibility among these units, thereby facilitating commerce not only among Rome and Athens themselves, but between all territories familiar with either notation throughout the Mediterranean, reducing transaction costs as defined by North in the theory of New institutional economics. Taking into accounts Norths statement that \"measurement costs [...] are the sources of social, political and economic institutions\" the interpretation of the athenian decree on weights and measures in a protectionist manner of Rome against Athens is contrasted with the proposition that it might be better understood as a pragmatic and sound business regulation achieving early harmonization by standardization, which all parties involved were benefiting from.","PeriodicalId":422077,"journal":{"name":"Political Anthropology eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131425585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fifty Years of the Union: The Relevance of Religion in the Union and Zanzibar Statehood Debate","authors":"Japhace Poncian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2623919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2623919","url":null,"abstract":"On 26 April 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar united to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Though with many challenges, this Union has survived for a period of 50 years and remains the only one in Africa. Yet, one of the challenges facing the Union is the fact that, of recent, some groups and individuals in Zanzibar have labelled it as a barrier towards their statehood and the quest to join the Organisation for Islamic Cooperation and other international organisations. Using UAMSHO public lectures in Zanzibar and other evidence from literature, this article asserts that religion plays a very significant role to unite Zanzibaris against the perceived injustices, immoralities and economic marginalisation that the Union has allegedly inflicted on Zanzibar. For the Union to survive the current challenges there is a need to open it up for public debate to address all issues that confront it.","PeriodicalId":422077,"journal":{"name":"Political Anthropology eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116902104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}