The Caring Class最新文献

{"title":"Welcome to These Shores","authors":"Richard Schweid","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explains that while immigrants play an important role across the health care spectrum, a federally funded 2004 report found that their numbers were greatest among home care workers. Sensitivity to cultural differences will likely need to be applied to various aspects of a home health aide's (HHA) daily tasks. In addition, aides need to leave their own cultural attitudes at the door and communicate plainly and directly with the care recipient. The chapter then looks at the effects of the Trump administration's immigration program on immigrant HHAs. It is important to acknowledge that these immigrants are as important to the economy as the immigrant physicists and software engineers. In addition to increasing wages and benefits for HHAs, efforts could be made to recruit immigrants by facilitating a visa process for those women willing to commit to working as HHAs for a certain length of time.","PeriodicalId":420841,"journal":{"name":"The Caring Class","volume":"26 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124309654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Home Care for Sale","authors":"Richard Schweid","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins by assessing the psychological and emotional demands of home care work. It then explains how home care, like other aspects of health care in the United States, is a marketplace commodity. Because need is so great, this commodification of home health care has proved tremendously profitable to the agencies serving as middlemen. In theory, these agencies impose a certain quality control, carefully screening and training the aides they send out to work. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Those agencies that work on a strictly private-pay basis and do not accept Medicaid clients are not subject to the federal regulations and are not legally required to provide aides with any training whatsoever. Moreover, the high cost of using agencies has generated a vast gray market for aides who work freelance and privately, without working for an agency or under any supervision other than that of the client and the client's family.","PeriodicalId":420841,"journal":{"name":"The Caring Class","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127854222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Not For The Fainthearted","authors":"Richard Schweid","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the training and working conditions of home health aides (HHAs). The largest home care agency franchisers employ tens of thousands of HHAs. Home care is a lucrative business, and part of that profitability is based on keeping wages as low as legally possible. Because the job is hard and the salary is minimum wage, the workers are usually women of color, or white women with a limited education, who do not have a wide choice of jobs and are trying to survive on the low end of the income-inequality gap. Many aides are African Americans, and many others are first-generation immigrants or their daughters. Indeed, the home care industry in both urban and rural settings depends on immigrant labor. The chapter then looks at the experiences of HHAs from Cooperative Home Care Associates, a home health care agency located in the South Bronx, which provided home health aides to elderly and disabled Medicaid recipients.","PeriodicalId":420841,"journal":{"name":"The Caring Class","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123964454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parasites of the Elderly","authors":"Richard Schweid","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins by looking at how Alzheimer's disease and dementia add another level of vulnerability for both client and caregiver. It then considers the gender and income inequality in home care. For-profit home care agencies are parasites of the elderly, middlemen who do none of the hands-on care that is the real job but double the cost of care to the consumer and suck up the lion's share of the revenue that the care generates. The basic idea that caring for our elderly is something from which large profits can be made is odious and needs to change. One solution is to expand the aide's scope of practice. A more radical plan would be to cap or eliminate profits for home care agencies, particularly when public monies pay for the agencies to provide aides. The money saved would go a long way toward increasing home health aides' (HHAs) wages. Many HHAs working with Medicaid cases provide care every bit as good as or better than the care clients receive from private-pay aides.","PeriodicalId":420841,"journal":{"name":"The Caring Class","volume":"66 s94","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113957294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“I Don’t Do It for the Money”","authors":"Richard Schweid","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter highlights the need for public policy to change how we value the work of home health aides (HHAs). Communities continue to relegate the work that HHAs do to the category of menial labor, when in fact it is something much more important and difficult to do well, more a profession than unskilled labor. In 2019, the number of HHAs for elderly Americans fell far short of those needed in many locales. Mean-spirited, xenophobic immigration policies may soon further reduce the numbers of people who are available to care for the elderly. Without enough people to do this work, the United States will move deeper into a second-rate nationhood. If there are not enough aides to go around, private-pay care will grow more expensive, and public long-term care at home will be reduced or eliminated for many, while wait times to receive what care is left will increase. Ultimately, people's lives will be of less quality than they might have been, and they may die sooner than necessary. The chapter then outlines a number of specific plans which have been elaborated to show how a better system of home health care might be funded in the United States.","PeriodicalId":420841,"journal":{"name":"The Caring Class","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115780238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observe, Record, and Report","authors":"Richard Schweid","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754104.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the home health aides' (HHAs) mantra: “observe, record, and report” (O.R.R.). At the end of each shift, Cooperative Home Care Associates (CHCA) aides filed an automated report by telephone, pressing numerals to respond to recorded questions about the tasks they had done that day. Any anomalies in the patient's physical or mental health had to be reported immediately to the client's nurse supervisor. The aides served as the eyes and ears of a patient's care team, and nowhere was O.R.R. more important as a prevention tool than with skin care. The Obama administration issued a rule allowing consumers to sue nursing homes for negligence rather than submit to binding arbitration, as is frequently specified in nursing home contracts with patients and their families. Seven months into his term, Donald Trump moved to eliminate the rule and allow nursing homes once again to insert a binding arbitration clause in their contracts. The chapter then traces the long history of money troubles between care workers and the people for whom they care. Almost all of CHCA's revenue came from clients whose home health care was paid for by federal Medicaid insurance.","PeriodicalId":420841,"journal":{"name":"The Caring Class","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129915068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suggested Reading","authors":"Susan E. Zimmermann","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvdtphvj.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdtphvj.18","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter gives a glimpse into past and present historiographies of labour in East Central Europe, South-eastern Europe, and Eastern Europe including the post-Soviet territories. The focus is on writings on the history of labour in Eastern Europe, or the region so defined, between the early modern period and 1989–1991. I have considered here only what has been published since the 1960s, and the emphasis is on labour from the nineteenth century onwards. My aim has been to explore how that historiography has contributed to the development of an inclusive type of global labour history – or contains the potential to do so. I therefore present here a selective and somewhat generous reading1 of the scholarship discussed, foregrounding two interconnected aspects. I shall explore to what extent and in what ways the literature has been attentive to some of those groups of workers, and to some of those forms of work and labour, and labour conditions and relations that have often been rendered marginal in classical labour history. In addition, I shall discuss how the literature has invoked trans-local, transnational, comparative, or universal horizons, and in particular how it has characterized and explained local or regional characteristics of the history of labour with reference to such broader horizons. Foregrounding those two themes might suggest an undue lack of emphasis on the inherent value – indeed the indispensability – to any project intended to advance global labour history of regional historiography on its own account. However, this chapter will demonstrate that the chosen focus, at least in the case of Eastern Europe, allows a re-evaluation of important traditions and trajectories of such regional historiography from a global perspective. The related argument evolves from my interest in a third thing that has guided me through this essay – the question of whether and how the new global labour history has been affected by or partaken in increasingly globalized and often asymmetric circuits of knowledge. I wonder what the effect has been of the corresponding adulation or even fetishization of some scholarship on the one hand, and the devaluation of much Eastern European scholarship and its producers on the other. In this essay I shall seek to counteract such harmful possibilities. After an introductory section on the relevant waves of labour historiography, I shall discuss how the literature has addressed „special“ groups of workers and „special“ forms of labour. I have paid attention to concepts and horizons, with the particular aim of including comparative studies, and I read the literature produced during both waves as situated knowledge production.","PeriodicalId":420841,"journal":{"name":"The Caring Class","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122451161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2 Observe, Record, and Report","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501754128-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501754128-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":420841,"journal":{"name":"The Caring Class","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122197756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"6 Welcome to These Shores","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501754128-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501754128-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":420841,"journal":{"name":"The Caring Class","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124446391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501754128-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501754128-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":420841,"journal":{"name":"The Caring Class","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129175793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}