International Ferro-Alloys Conference (INFACON XVI) 2021最新文献

{"title":"An Investigation on the Relationship between Structure and Viscosity of Silicate Slags","authors":"Shokouh Haghdani, M. Tangstad, K. Einarsrud","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3922156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3922156","url":null,"abstract":"The viscosity of molten slags pivotally influences high-temperature metallurgical processes in industrial operations. This important physical property at a given temperature depends upon the slag structure. In this work, the relationship between structure and viscosity of molten slags is investigated. To this end, the typical experimental techniques for viscosity measurement aresummarized, namely capillary method, falling-body method, rotating method, and oscillating method. We also present viscosity models that have been developed to predict slag viscosities. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful method to determine features of amorphous materials, including the types of atomic bond vibrations and their relative distribution. A group of synthetic slags in the SiO2-CaO-Al2O3 ternary system is considered with compositions close to industrial slags in silicon production. The Raman spectroscopy data is obtained within the wavenumbers on the order of 200–1300 cm−1. The Raman data provides access to the structural information (i.e., the depolymerization of melts), which is linked to viscosity. In order to discuss the relationship between structure and viscosity results for this group of slags, the viscosity values are adopted from the literature. The viscosity is found to be inversely proportional to temperature and the addition of basic oxides, due to the breaking of the silicate network.","PeriodicalId":420761,"journal":{"name":"International Ferro-Alloys Conference (INFACON XVI) 2021","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114327158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability in Ferroalloy Furnace Tapping – Insights from Modelling","authors":"Q. Reynolds, J. Olsen, J. Steenkamp","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926222","url":null,"abstract":"During tapping of pyrometallurgical smelters, molten products from the furnace operation are periodically removed from the vessel. Variations in the quantities of alloy and slag obtained from each tap are undesirable and can cause disruption to upstream and downstream operations, resulting in economic losses and safety risks to plant personnel. In the present work an integrated reduced-order model of a ferroalloy furnace tapping system was used to assess the sensitivity of the process to various operating parameters, and describe the statistical impact of random changes in the system over a large number of tapping cycles. The effect of implementing simple control measures to determine the best point to stop a tap is also presented.","PeriodicalId":420761,"journal":{"name":"International Ferro-Alloys Conference (INFACON XVI) 2021","volume":"435 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133746712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Electrode Movements on Inductive Reactance in a Submerged Arc Furnace","authors":"Y. A. Tesfahunegn, T. Magnusson, M. Tangstad, G. Sævarsdóttir","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3932418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3932418","url":null,"abstract":"This work discusses the effect of electrode movements on inductive reactance in a submerged arc furnace. A 3D model has been developed in ANSYS Maxwell using an eddy current solver that considers alternating current (AC). The model includes transformers, busbars, and the whole furnace. The furnace model contains electrodes, main arcs, craters, crater walls, and side arcs that connect the electrode and crater wall are taken into account for each phase. Other furnace parts such as carbon block, steel shell, and alumina brick are also incorporated. Results such as system resistance, active and reactive power distributions, and the power factors are presented. The results showed that between 68% and 76% of the reactive power comes from the Farfiled. The electrodes' contribution to the reactive power is between 3.5% and 6% due to the change of electrode length. Reactive power distributions in carbide and charge are more affected by the tip positions rather than the holder positions.","PeriodicalId":420761,"journal":{"name":"International Ferro-Alloys Conference (INFACON XVI) 2021","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124351027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging Value and Environmental Gains Through Integrated Steel- and Ferroalloy Plant Slag Cleaning","authors":"B. Belford, A. van Niekerk, Gawie Lötter, S. Louw, W. van der Struys","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3927683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3927683","url":null,"abstract":"There exists a strong business case to incorporate a pyrometallurgical Slag Cleaning Furnace (SCF) into the process-chain of large ferrochrome producing sites, or into an integrated steel plant where ferroalloy production is in close proximity to the converters. Recent studies into the design and layout of such SCFs have revealed environmental benefits and attractive pay-back periods for large ferrochrome and integrated stainless steel producers looking to recover valuable components from discard slag, whilst enjoying a stream through which historical waste sources can be recycled. Transferring the molten discard slag, with its inherent store of sensible energy, directly to the SCF from the primary reduction process means molten feed-to-solid feed ratios can be optimized to yield a ferroalloy at reduced cost. Within the context of a steel producer, molten Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) and converter slags add further “sweeteners” high-in-metallic units that can be recovered to produce alloys of higher value. The processing of discard slag and historical wastes in a high throughput SCF supports sustainability and circularity. The resulting alloys are produced with a reduced carbon foot-print, the sensible heat of the molten slag can be recovered for heating or electrical generation, the barren slag is well suited to de-classification for use as an aggregate in concrete or as backfill in the construction sector, and a “dustbin” now exists on the site into which troublesome wastes can be fed, converted and neutralized without filling costly and environmentally detrimental landfills. This paper will introduce the process flow, technology and layout for SCFs designed to work within this context. The furnace metallurgy, M&E balance, furnace parameters and slag cleaning process essentials will be discussed. Options for additional value streams beyond the production of the ferroalloy will be explored, with the key environmental upside as the foundation of the process intent.","PeriodicalId":420761,"journal":{"name":"International Ferro-Alloys Conference (INFACON XVI) 2021","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127583659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Production of Blast Furnace Ferromanganese in Conditions of Non-Integrated Iron Works","authors":"Igor E Shepetovsky, A. Shalygin, Ivan Chmerenko, R. Nuriev, K. Myasnikov, A. Shepetovskaya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926247","url":null,"abstract":"Production of high carbon blast furnace ferromanganese (HC FeMn) in conditions of Russian non-integrated iron works stipulates use of various combinations of permanently changed sorts of manganese ores with different mineralogy, manganese content and granulometric composition. Operation complexity is caused by challenge to satisfy with customers’ stringent requirements specific to percentage of manganese, silicon and maximum permissible content of tramp elements in produced alloy as well as by necessity to recycle fine fraction formed at the stage of crushing of solidified large-sized ferromanganese. Fluxless technological regime is defined as a most efficient mode to achieve high technical and economic indices. Special attention is given to methods of increase of manganese recovery in every stage of technological process. The largest losses of manganese are related to losses with slag and top gas, and developed techniques to minimize these losses are described with taking ecological aspects into consideration.","PeriodicalId":420761,"journal":{"name":"International Ferro-Alloys Conference (INFACON XVI) 2021","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125129170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Casting Bay Fume Abatement Improvement Project Sakura Ferroalloys, Malaysia","authors":"Roedolf Koekemoer, Juan du Preez, Daniel Chen, K. Joubert, L. Els, C. Coetzee, Rudolph Dreyer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926021","url":null,"abstract":"Sakura Ferroalloys (SFA) operates a Manganese Ferroalloy smelter complex in Sarawak Malaysia, consisting of two 81 MVA closed submerged arc furnaces. Tapping of the alloy is done into ladles which are cast into one of eight open casting bays, using the layer casting method. Unwanted emissions were generated during the casting process. An opportunity to lower Sakura’s impact on the environment was identified and a project was launched in conjunction with Resonant Environmental Technologies (RET) to reduce emissions. Key project milestones were: • Conceptualisation of potential solutions • Investigating the opportunity to utilise existing fume abatement equipment • Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of concepts • Detail analysis and design of chosen concept • Construction and commissioning • Post implementation process evaluation After consideration of various concepts, the decision was made to continue with a concept of capturing the fumes by making use of the installed tap hole fume abatement system. The evaluation of the existing tap hole fume extraction system proved that the system could be utilised for the casting bay fume extraction project with only minor modifications. Conceptual models that were evaluated using CFD revealed that casting bay fume extraction efficiencies of up to 75% could be achieved depending on the concept being analysed. Based on the analyses a partially closed casting bay was chosen with a theoretical efficiency of 63%. The design presented a number of challenges such as the selection of materials of construction and the maintainability of the complete system. Construction was to happen with the furnaces operating at full capacity and careful planning of the construction phase was required to ensure the safety of the construction crew while not impacting on production. The project was successfully commissioned in July 2019. Based on actual flow measurements, the CFD models were validated, indicating that the expected results were achieved. Fume energy capture based on peak energy showed capture efficiencies up to 68% which exceeded the CFD modelled efficiencies. Fume capture video analysis furthermore showed visible reductions in plume volume by around 81%.","PeriodicalId":420761,"journal":{"name":"International Ferro-Alloys Conference (INFACON XVI) 2021","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130349117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic Model of the Process of Desulfurization of a Black Ferronickel in a Ladle","authors":"D. Shevchenko, O V Zamkovoy, A. N. Ovcharuk, K D Sokolov, A. A. Nadtochy, S. Prikhodko, V A Bezugliy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3930143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3930143","url":null,"abstract":"Goal: Research of the type and chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions in the process of desulfurization of rough ferronickel by compiling of a thermodynamic model of the desulfurization of rough ferronickel process. Methodology. The analysis of the influence of silicon and carbon in a thermodynamic system on the desulfurization process of rough feronickel was carried out. Scientific novelty. For the first time, a thermodynamic model of desulfurization of rough ferronickel in a ladle according to the scheme NiS - FeS - C - Si - Na2CO3 was compiled using data from industrial production in the conditions of Pobuzhsky Ferronickel Plant LLC.","PeriodicalId":420761,"journal":{"name":"International Ferro-Alloys Conference (INFACON XVI) 2021","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115018279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiences from Remote Commissioning of FeMn Refining Converter Plant","authors":"C. Rick, Joakim Lundström, H. Sjöström, L. Zandberg, Gerd Nagel, Andre Bohta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926260","url":null,"abstract":"During the Covid-19 pandemic of 2020 Transalloy’s and UHT’s commissioning teams together completed cold and hot commissioning of an entire new CLU converter plant for refining of FeMn, with the team from UHT working remotely from offices in Sweden, and the team from Transalloys working on site in South Africa.This paper outlines experiences from the work, the plant set-up and the methodology of the remote commissioning. Comparison between traditional on-site and remote commissioning is drawn to explore the possibility to implement parts of the methodology in future post-pandemic commissioning.","PeriodicalId":420761,"journal":{"name":"International Ferro-Alloys Conference (INFACON XVI) 2021","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132790476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling of Furnace Tapping with Uniform and Non-Uniform Porosity Distribution","authors":"V. Loomba, J. Olsen, K. Einarsrud","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3926124","url":null,"abstract":"Tapping flow rates depend on various in-furnace conditions such as the metal and the slag build-up in the furnace and the permeability of the particle bed formed by the unreacted coke. A framework to simulate the flow of the metal and the slag during tapping and production periods is presented in this research. The flow of the metal and the slag is simulated using a multiphase volume of fluid (VOF) approach. The effect of particle bed permeability is included by adding the Ergun equation to the momentum transport equation for both uniformly and non-uniformly distributed particle beds. In this research, the effect of permeability on the tapping flow rates of the metal and the slag are presented. Due to the presence of a single tap-hole, the metal tapped during the tapping process could either be the metal produced in the vicinity of the tap-hole or in other regions. It was seen that decreasing the uniformly distributed permeability decreased the flow rates of the metal and the slag at the tap-hole and consequently it took more taps to reach a steady state, whereas the flow rate of the metal is lower and that of the slag is higher for non-uniform distribution of permeability compared to the uniform distribution. The metal is equally tapped from all regions of the furnace at steady state for uniformly distributed particle bed, whereas more metal produced near the tap-hole is tapped compared to other regions for non-uniform particle bed distribution.","PeriodicalId":420761,"journal":{"name":"International Ferro-Alloys Conference (INFACON XVI) 2021","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116189866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of Nickel in the Slags of Electrothermal Ferronickel Production and Technological Schemes of Its Utilization","authors":"D. Shevchenko, O V Zamkovoy, K D Sokolov, V U Shutov, A. N. Ovcharuk, S. A. Melnik, V N Rudik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3929908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3929908","url":null,"abstract":"Development of world industrial production is aimed to optimize the use of mineral resources, the utilization of secondary material and energy resources, and environmental protection. The production of ferronickel from oxidized nickel ores is based on the use of raw materials, where the nickel content practically does not exceed 2.5%, therefore the process is characterized by a large slag volume and slag-metal ratios 6-10 times, which is the highest in smelting of ferroalloys. The samples of electric furnace and refining slags from ferronickel production using oxidized nickel ore from Guatemala were studied by X-ray spectral microanalysis (X-raySMA) method at the Selmi REM-106I facility. It was determined that majority of nickel is concentrated prills of various shapes contains iron and sulfur, where the Ni content in some cases exceeds 70%. The processing routes for recovery of nickel from furnace slags by \"wet\" technology and refining slags by \"dry\" technology with the use of a modernized magnetic separator is developed and proposed for introduction, which allows for recovery of 31.6% and 94.65% nickel from the slag respectively","PeriodicalId":420761,"journal":{"name":"International Ferro-Alloys Conference (INFACON XVI) 2021","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122764749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}