European Oral Research最新文献

{"title":"Effect of boric acid intracanal medicament in hydrogel form on root canal sealer penetration.","authors":"Deniz Yanik Nalbantoğlu, Ahmet Mert Nalbantoğlu, Elif Bolat","doi":"10.26650/eor.20261854751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20261854751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This in vitro study aimed to assess the penetration of root canal sealer (RCS) into dentinal tubules after the application of an intracanal medicament in hydrogel form (BA) and the effect of irrigation activation methods for its removal using a stereomicroscope.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 135 mandibular single-rooted premolars with round morphology were used. Root canals were instrumented and allocated into three main groups according to intracanal medicament: BA, calcium hydroxide (CH), and negative control with no medicament (NC). Subgroups were determined: sonic, passive ultrasonic activation (PUI), and conventional needle irrigation (needle). Medicaments were applied and removed using irrigation activation methods. Samples were filled using epoxy resin sealer/gutta-percha, sectioned into apical, middle, and coronal parts in 1-mm thickness, and stereomicroscopic images were obtained. Maximum root canal sealer penetration and penetration area were analyzed using ImageJ. One-way ANOVA and intra-class correlation were used for statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sonic and PUI presented higher RCS penetration in all root thirds. After using the BA in the middle and coronal thirds, irrigation activation showed better results (p<0.05). After using the BA, root canal sealer penetration into dentinal tubules was higher than that of CH in all thirds (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Following the use of the BA, greater RCS was observed compared with CH. These findings suggest that the BA did not adversely affect RCS penetration. The hydrogel may represent a promising vehicle material for intracanal medicament formulations. Sonic and PUI showed a similar effect for medicament removal. However, since residual intracanal medicament was not directly quantified, no conclusions regarding actual removal efficiency can be drawn.</p>","PeriodicalId":41993,"journal":{"name":"European Oral Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"364-374"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13649790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of malpractice fears and defensive approaches in orthodontists' clinical practice.","authors":"Gönül Dinç, Hüseyin Melik Böyük","doi":"10.26650/eor.20261905763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20261905763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the impact of medical malpractice litigation and associated defensive medicine practices on the clinical decision-making of orthodontists.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was conducted between December 2025 and February 2026. Questionnaires were emailed to 2,526 orthodontists registered in the database of the Turkish Orthodontic Society (TOD), and 252 orthodontists completed the survey. Of the participants, 64.3% (n = 162) were female and 35.7% (n = 90) were male. In addition to demographic questions, participants completed the Fear of Medical Error Scale (FMS), the Defensive Medicine Practice Attitude Scale (DMPAS), and clinical preference questions specific to orthodontic practice. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 51.2% (n = 129) of the participants exhibited a high level of fear of medical malpractice. Orthodontists aged over 35 years had significantly lower FMS scores than younger orthodontists. According to the DMPAS, 53.6% of orthodontists exhibited a high level of defensive medicine behavior, while 15.5% exhibited a very high level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Orthodontists' clinical decision-making appears to be influenced by concerns about legal repercussions. To mitigate the legal pressure experienced by physicians, education in health law should be strengthened for physicians and other healthcare professionals, and medical malpractice legislation should be revised to provide a more balanced framework that also safeguards physicians' rights.</p>","PeriodicalId":41993,"journal":{"name":"European Oral Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"352-363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13599671/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and physicochemical impact of an experimental epigallocatechin-3-gallate based gel on erosive dentin wear.","authors":"Cíntia de Melo Silva Souza, Sanclayton Geraldo Carneiro Moreira, Juliana Jendiroba Faraoni, Ana Maria Neves Damião, Milton Carlos Kuga, Cristiane de Melo Alencar, Cecy Martins Silva","doi":"10.26650/eor.20261863577","DOIUrl":"10.26650/eor.20261863577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study is to evaluate in vitro the morphological and physicochemical effects of an experimental epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) gel and its combination with sodium fluoride (NaF) on the progression of dentin erosion.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Initial lesions were induced in bovine dentin samples (n=10/group) and divided into: Control (gel without active ingredients), NaF (1.23% NaF), EGCG (10% EGCG), and EGCG+NaF (10% EGCG + 1.23% NaF). Half of the sample was protected and the other half treated and subjected to erosive/abrasive challenges (0.3% citric acid, pH=2.6 and simulated brushing). Volume loss (VL) and surface roughness (Ra) were evaluated by 3D laser confocal microscopy. Dentin composition was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, considering mineral/matrix ratio (MMR), collagen organization, and crystallinity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The EGCG+NaF group presented the lowest VL values (p<0.05). The Control group had the highest MMR values, while the EGCG+NaF group presented the lowest (p<0.05). For the Amide I/III ratio, the Control group had the lowest values and the EGCG+NaF group the highest (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences among the groups regarding the crystallographic order (p= 0.668).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination of EGCG and NaF demonstrates the ability to mitigate volume loss under erosive-abrasive challenges, preserve structural integrity, and enhance collagen cross-linking within the demineralized organic matrix of dentin.</p>","PeriodicalId":41993,"journal":{"name":"European Oral Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"344-350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13499613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148799018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimensional accuracy of clear aligners fabricated using different LCD 3D printer resolutions: an in-vitro study.","authors":"Jayaraj Ravi, Mahalakshmi Krishnakumaran, Balaji Krishnan, Annie Shirly Priyanka Gerald","doi":"10.26650/eor.20251817134","DOIUrl":"10.26650/eor.20251817134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study is to compare trueness and precision of dental models from three LCD 3D printers with different horizontal resolutions (2K, 4K, 8K) and to evaluate their clinical suitability for orthodontic use.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Thirty models were printed using Creality Halot One (2K), Phrozen Mighty 4K, and Phrozen Mighty 8K printers, with ten models each using manufacturer-recommended resins. Master digital models from intraoral scans were compared to re-scanned printed models through surface superimposition using Geomagic Control X software. Trueness and precision were evaluated by point deviation and Root-Mean-Square (RMS) analysis, with differences assessed by one-way ANOVA (p = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean RMS values for 2K, 4K, and 8K printers were 0.266 ± 0.015 mm, 0.223 ± 0.017 mm, and 0.121 ± 0.012 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). The 8K printer showed highest trueness and precision, with deviations mainly in occlusal and gingival regions. The 0.25 mm error limit was within acceptable range for 4K and 8K models, while 2K models exceeded this value (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Printer resolution significantly affects dimensional accuracy. The 8K LCD printer demonstrated superior accuracy and reproducibility, proving reliable for orthodontic models and clear aligners.</p>","PeriodicalId":41993,"journal":{"name":"European Oral Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"337-343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13390090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148563265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of a clinically feasible repeated potassium iodide application protocol on silver diamine fluoride-induced discoloration.","authors":"Maryam Hajiahmadi, Samira SadighBatha","doi":"10.26650/eor.20261845757","DOIUrl":"10.26650/eor.20261845757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim is to evaluate and compare the effects of single versus repeated applications of potassium iodide (KI) on SDF-induced discoloration in primary canines.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Thirty-six extracted human primary canines with dentinal caries were randomly allocated into three groups: Group I received 38% SDF alone; Group II received SDF followed by a single KI application; and Group III received SDF followed by immediately application after SDF and repeated on days 1, 3, and 5. Color change (∆E) was assessed on Days 1, 14, and 30 using a spectrophotometer based on the CIE Lab* system. Statistical analysis included One-Way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc tests for between-group comparisons, and Repeated Measures ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment for within-group comparisons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All groups showed significant differences in ΔE values at each time point, except between the single and repeated KI groups on Day 1. The Group I exhibited the highest ΔE values throughout the study, indicating the greatest discoloration, while Group III resulted in the lowest values. Over time, a progressive increase in discoloration was observed in Groups II, whereas partial color stability was maintained in Group III.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Repeated application of KI after SDF treatment can result in a higher reduction in tooth discoloration compared to a single-application. This protocol may enhance the clinical acceptability of SDF, especially for visible anterior teeth in pediatric patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":41993,"journal":{"name":"European Oral Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"304-310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13336767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148438321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction between vitamin D insufficiency and periodontitis, GCF vitamin D and LL-37 levels in well-controlled diabetes patients with periodontitis.","authors":"Gülnihal Eren, Oya Turkoglu, Şevki Cetinkalp, Harika Atmaca, Gül Atilla","doi":"10.26650/eor.20261785247","DOIUrl":"10.26650/eor.20261785247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine whether low serum vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with clinical parameters and positively correlated with gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) 25(OH)D₃, 1,25(OH)2D3, LL-37 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in periodontitis patients with well-controlled type-2 diabetes (T2DM).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty-six well-controlled T2DM patients with periodontitis and Vitamin D insufficiency (Vit.D-IS group), and 15 well-controlled T2DM patients with periodontitis and Vitamin D sufficiency (Vit.D-S group) were included. Papilla bleeding index, bleeding on probing (BOP), supragingival plaque, clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing depth (PD) were evaluated. GCF total amounts of 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D3, LL-37 and TNF-α were analyzed by ELISA. Serum 25(OH)D₃ levels were determined using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Whole mouth CAL and BOP scores were higher in the Vit.D-IS group than those of Vit.D-S group (P=0.038, P=0.048, respectively). Whole mouth PD and plaque values were comparable in both groups. Differences were not detected in GCF 25(OH)D₃, 1,25(OH)2D3, LL-37 and TNF-α levels between Vit.D-IS and Vit.D-S groups. Serum 25(OH)D₃ levels were adversely associated with CAL and BOP scores (P=0.018, P=0.049, respectively). Also, GCF 1,25(OH)2D3 total amounts were positively related with GCF LL-37 total amounts (P=0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Serum 25(OH)D₃ insufficiency was related to periodontal inflammation and destruction in periodontitis patients with well-controlled T2DM. However, GCF 25(OH)D₃, 1,25(OH)2D3, TNF-α and LL-37 total amounts were not correlated with serum vitamin D levels. We have opinion that obtaining and maintenance of periodontal health should be included in the diabetic treatment protocol in Vitamin D deficient patients with periodontitis and well-controlled T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":41993,"journal":{"name":"European Oral Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"298-304"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13319649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148370262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of plaque disclosing agents on the color stability of different restorative materials: in vitro study.","authors":"İnci Menekşe, Ümit Begüm Efes","doi":"10.26650/eor.20261729238","DOIUrl":"10.26650/eor.20261729238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two plaque disclosing agents on the color stability of four different restorative materials.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty disc-shaped specimens (8 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) were prepared for each material: Z250 (3M ESPE), Charisma Diamond (Heraeus Kulzer), Estelite Universal Flow Medium (Tokuyama Dental Corporation Inc.), and Beautifil II (Shofu Inc.). Baseline color measurements were conducted using the VITA Easyshade Compact after numbering the specimens and immersing them in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. Two plaque disclosing agents were applied to the specimens: Mira-2-Ton (Hager & Werken) to 10 specimens and ProPind plaque indicator gel (Promida Co.), containing erythrosin dye, to the remaining 10 specimens. Ten seconds after the application, each specimen was rinsed under running water for 30 seconds and air-dried. Color changes in the specimens were calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The color changes were perceptible (ΔE00 > 0.8) in all experimental groups. Clinically unacceptable color changes (ΔE00 >1.8) were observed in all groups following Mira-2-Ton application, with Charisma Diamond exhibiting the highest color change (7.18 ± 2.65) and Z250 the lowest (2.98 ± 1.13). In contrast, all groups stained with ProPind gel showed clinically acceptable color changes (ΔE00 <1.8), with no statistically significant differences among materials (p>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Plaque disclosing agents can significantly impact the color stability of restorative materials. Understanding the chemical composition of plaque disclosing agents is essential for clinicians to ensure the long term aesthetic stability of restorative materials. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to assess the underlying mechanisms of discoloration caused by disclosing agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":41993,"journal":{"name":"European Oral Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"260-266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13322142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148370307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of firings on the lithium disilicate and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate dental ceramics for CAD-CAM procedures.","authors":"Pedro Giorgetti Montagner, Antonio Marcos Montagner, Mário Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti, Rafael Leonardo Xediek Consani","doi":"10.26650/eor.20261631872","DOIUrl":"10.26650/eor.20261631872","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to verify the effect of multiple firing cycles on lithium disilicate and zirconia reinforced lithium silicate ceramics.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixty discs measuring 12 mm x 1.2 mm made with IPS E.max CAD (n=30) or Vita Suprinity (n=30) ceramic systems were divided into 3 subgroups submitted to 2, 3 or 5 firing cycles (C2, C3, and C5, respectively). Surface roughness, gloss, biaxial flexural strength, and Vickers hardness were evaluated, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Data was submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test with a 5% significance level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For surface roughness, Suprinity showed a significant decrease at C5 (p<0.05). For gloss, there was no statistical interaction and C5 showed higher gloss value for both ceramics (p>0.05). For flexural strength, Suprinity showed significant increase (p<0.05) and IPS E.max CAD decreased significantly at C5 (p<0.05). For Vickers hardness, there was no statistical interaction and hardness decreased at C5 for both ceramics (p>0.05). IPS E.max CAD showed no morphological difference while Suprinity showed micro irregularities for C5 in the SEM analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Firing cycles promoted better effect on roughness and biaxial flexural strength parameters for the Suprinity compared with IPS E.max CAD. Both ceramics showed negative effects on the morphological aspect of the crystalline matrix and similar gloss or hardness values.</p>","PeriodicalId":41993,"journal":{"name":"European Oral Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"267-274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13319864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148370269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of manual and mechanical glide path preparation on surface defects of nickel-titanium rotary instruments.","authors":"Merve Gökyar, İdil Özden, Ecem Azgari, Hesna Sazak Öveçoğlu","doi":"10.26650/eor.20261778084","DOIUrl":"10.26650/eor.20261778084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments are widely used for root canal preparation (RCP) but remain prone to fracture partly due to surface defects. Glide path preparation (GPP) may reduce stress and fatigue, improving procedural safety. This study evaluated the effects of manual and mechanical GPP on surface defects compared with no GPP.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Endodontic access cavities were prepared in sixty extracted mandibular molars. The teeth were randomly assigned to each of the following groups (n = 20). Group 1: GPP with a #13.02 rotary glide path file (C Path File, Fanta Dental, Guangdong, China), Group 2: GPP manually with a #10.02 stainless steel K-File (EndoArt K Files, İnci Dental, Türkiye), Group 3 (Control): No GPP. Mesibuccal canal of each tooth was shaped with an unused 10.04 NiTi rotary file (Smart Gold, İnci Dental, Türkiye) which was sterilized and imaged with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after RCP. The images were compared in terms of flute disruption, microcracks, tip deformation, blade distortion, surface pitting, as well as fractures by using the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test and Pearson's Chi-square test, with the level of significance set at 5% (α = 0.05) for all analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tip deformation was the most frequent baseline defect, with no significant intergroup difference (p>0.05). After RCP, microcracks were more common in the no GPP group (p=0.031). Significant differences were observed in blade distortion (p<0.001), surface pitting (p=0.005), and fracture formation (p=0.002). Both manual and mechanical GPP significantly.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both manual and mechanical GPP significantly reduced surface defects on NiTi rotary instruments compared with no GPP. No significant difference was found between the manual and mechanical techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":41993,"journal":{"name":"European Oral Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"311-318"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148413149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of microtensile bond strength to dentin and adhesive layer thickness of a new generation two-bottle universal adhesive.","authors":"Ahmet Özlü, Gülşah Tonga, Hüseyin Hatırlı","doi":"10.26650/eor.20261852732","DOIUrl":"10.26650/eor.20261852732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate and compare the immediate and aged microtensile bond strengths (μTBS) and pre-aging adhesive layer thicknesses of G2-Bond Universal, a novel two-bottle universal adhesive, with those of the gold-standard two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond) and one-step universal adhesive (G-Premio Bond).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Thirty extracted human molars were randomly assigned to three adhesive systems (n=10 teeth per group). After standardized dentin surface preparation, adhesives were applied according to manufacturers' protocols, followed by incremental composite build-up. Specimens were sectioned to obtain rectangular prism-shaped sticks (1 mm² cross-sectional area), which were allocated to immediate and 6-month water aging subgroups (n=90each). μTBS was measured using a universal testing machine. Adhesive layer thickness was assessed on 90 pre-aging sticks via scanning electron microscopy, with measurements performed using ImageJ software. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA for μTBS and one-way ANOVA for adhesive thickness, followed by Tukey's HSD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Aging showed no statistically significant effect on μTBS (p>0.05). Clearfil SE Bond exhibited the highest µTBS values, significantly outperforming G-Premio Bond (p<0.05), while no statistically significant difference was observed compared with G2-Bond Universal (p>0.05). G2-Bond demonstrated the thickest adhesive layer.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The thicker adhesive layer of G2-Bond may enhance its mechanical resilience and clinical durability under functional stresses.</p>","PeriodicalId":41993,"journal":{"name":"European Oral Research","volume":"60 1","pages":"319-327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341230/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148413174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}