{"title":"Slave Narratives, Black Disenfranchisement, and the Electoral Limits of Black Freedom","authors":"Leila Mansouri","doi":"10.1353/jnc.2020.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2020.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This forum explores how the fraught nexus of gender and race became central to questions of citizenship and the franchise in the mid-to-late nineteenth century. How did conceptions of the populace – an unremitting contestation of the “we” in “We the People”– shift with the changing electorate before, during, and after the Civil War? Following an introduction by Christopher Malone, Leila Mansouri investigates how slave narratives staged the paradoxes of black electoral politics during the antebellum period. Laura Free then ponders the loyalty oaths imposed on southerners in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War, exploring their relevance to more fundamental questions of citizenship and inclusion. Next, through a close reading of Mark Twain’s Pudd’nhead Wilson, Jennie Kassanoff uncovers how the “gerrymandered black body” consolidated the myth of white male majority rule in an era of tense partisan reapportionment. Collectively, these essays ask us to consider the ways that the nineteenth century continues to reverberate in contemporary debates over race, gender, citizenship and voting rights in today’s fractious United States.","PeriodicalId":41876,"journal":{"name":"J19-The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91010731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Sweet Truth of Slavery","authors":"M. Vernon","doi":"10.1353/jnc.2020.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2020.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article performs a case study of the post-truth phenomenon in American literature. The discourse around post-truth has gained prominence as a means to explain recent political upheavals and media innovations; arguments about the topic frequently proceed from the assumption that post-truth rhetoric is adjunct to new mass media technologies and thus is novel. This article studies a set of pro-slavery novels that borrow from slave narratives and Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin— “anti-Tom” novels—to demonstrate a much earlier instance of the phenomenon. One goal of this article is to question the periodization assigned to post-truth as a means to begin to contend with post-truth’s enduring relationship to how race is constructed on the page. The larger goal of this argument is to consider the radical in/visibilization of black suffering “anti-Tom” novels perform which destabilizes the racial claims these texts seek to make.","PeriodicalId":41876,"journal":{"name":"J19-The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81654971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Who’s Afraid of Historicizing? How Protestant Anti-historicism Became Literary Self-Defense","authors":"Ashley C. Barnes","doi":"10.1353/jnc.2020.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2020.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Recent calls for literary critics to return to form and affect have faulted historicist methods for denying textual alterity. Historicism was likewise cast as a tool for denying textual power in the course of Protestant debates about Bible reading in the late nineteenth century. This essay tracks the charge of historicist narcissism as a constitutive link between sacred and secular reading practices from then to now. It describes a shared project, carried on by literary studies and theology alike, of protecting free agency from the felt threat of historicist determinism. But by reexamining the theological counterargument for a historicism that enhanced, not diminished, a reader’s encounter with divine alterity, the essay also demonstrates that historicism is not always secularizing. The point is not to argue for a more thoroughly secular mode of historicism, nor to expose the religiosity at the heart of literary studies. The point is to articulate an ideal of historically embedded alterity that can stand as a professional value worth defending.","PeriodicalId":41876,"journal":{"name":"J19-The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91012541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christina Michelon, Karen Sánchez-Eppler, M. Walsh, Thomas Koenigs, Édouard Marsoin, Matthew Vernon, Sarah J. Sillin, Vanessa Ovalle Perez, Ashley C. Barnes, Christopher Malone, Leila Mansouri, Laura E. Free, Jennie A. Kassanoff
{"title":"On Our Cover","authors":"Christina Michelon, Karen Sánchez-Eppler, M. Walsh, Thomas Koenigs, Édouard Marsoin, Matthew Vernon, Sarah J. Sillin, Vanessa Ovalle Perez, Ashley C. Barnes, Christopher Malone, Leila Mansouri, Laura E. Free, Jennie A. Kassanoff","doi":"10.1353/jnc.2020.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2020.0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Abstract:</p><p>Pleasure Reading</p>","PeriodicalId":41876,"journal":{"name":"J19-The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77544255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The “Mysterious Depths” of Slave Interiority: Fiction and Intersubjective Knowledge in The Heroic Slave","authors":"Thomas Koenigs","doi":"10.1353/jnc.2020.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2020.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay explores how Frederick Douglass’s The Heroic Slave (1853) both reveals and intervenes in the often-implicit controversies over the accessibility of slave interiority for white audiences that underpinned competing representations of slavery in the antebellum public sphere. Focusing on The Heroic Slave’s exploration of white people’s desire to probe the inner lives of enslaved persons, the essay argues that The Heroic Slave not only displays Douglass’s skillful deployment of fiction, but also constitutes a complex metafictional engagement with fiction’s increasingly central role in the struggle over slavery. As fiction became an important genre for representing slavery in the early 1850s, the conventions of fiction, especially its direct narration of unspoken thoughts and feelings, increasingly mediated how white audiences understood their ability to access the inner lives of enslaved persons. In The Heroic Slave, Douglass developed alternative formal strategies for representing slave interiority in fiction in order to resist the fantasy of complete knowledge of inner life associated with conventional fictional psychonarration. Drawing on recent work on fictionality, this essay shows how Douglass retheorized fiction’s value, positing fiction as both a useful vehicle for probing inner life and a powerful means of confronting readers with the necessarily speculative nature of this revelatory access to interiority.","PeriodicalId":41876,"journal":{"name":"J19-The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74304486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Speaker, Photographed: Paul Laurence Dunbar's Poems of Cabin and Field","authors":"C. Gelmi","doi":"10.1353/jnc.2020.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2020.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: While the photographically illustrated volumes of Paul Laurence Dunbar's poetry published between 1899 and 1906 have begun to attract critical attention, there is still much to be said for how they expand our understanding of the historical modes for reading Dunbar's dialect verse in the late nineteenth century. The first in this popular series of illustrated gift books, Poems of Cabin and Field features reprints of eight of Dunbar's black dialect poems, cover and page designs by Alice Morse, and photographs by the Hampton Institute Camera Club. This essay explores how the volume's photographs stage the mechanics behind dominant readings that approached Dunbar's dialect verse as authentic expressions of a vanishing Southern black folk. I argue that the volume depicts how the poetic speaker—the figure imagined as uttering the poems—works to construct and uphold literal readings of Dunbar's dialect and the larger cultural fantasies of the black folk with which these readings were associated. This argument complicates the deployment of the speaker in recent critical interpretations of Dunbar's plantation dialect poetry and asks us to consider the speaker itself as one of the racial formations at stake in the history of reading Dunbar.","PeriodicalId":41876,"journal":{"name":"J19-The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86609419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vegetative Politics from Crèvecoeur to Hawthorne","authors":"Erin E. Forbes","doi":"10.1353/jnc.2020.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2020.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Bridging critical race theory and environmental humanities, this essay argues that plants represent peculiar forms of personhood, politics, and poetics in Crévecoeur's and Hawthorne's work. Crèvecoeur's late eighteenth-century context differed markedly from Hawthorne's: as Crèvecoeur's settler colony transformed into Hawthorne's imperialist nation-state, a purportedly universalist ideal of the human as separate from and sovereign over the natural world subsumed earlier climate theories that emphasized malleability. Yet a porous conception of personhood rooted in the vegetable world not only links both authors, but also frustrates their attempts to justify racial hierarchies. Precisely those moments showcasing their (by now well-rehearsed) political failings also sustain a tenacious alternative humanism worth nourishing insofar as its incorporation of environmental concerns apprehends humanism's racialization, and therefore retains reparative potential.","PeriodicalId":41876,"journal":{"name":"J19-The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78630890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Inherited Obligations: Conquest, Californio Promises, and Native American Land in Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona","authors":"P. A. Ramírez","doi":"10.1353/jnc.2020.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2020.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Because readers of Ramona focused on the romantic depictions of Californio hacienda culture, critics often see the inclusion of the Californios as a distraction that undermines Helen Hunt Jackson's political message. However, to read Californio culture as a mere misstep on Jackson's part obscures the important role it plays in her efforts to establish the legitimacy of Native-American land claims. The nostalgic representation Californio hacienda life in Ramona is actually a celebration and idealization of California's Mexican/Spanish past as a time when contracts cemented peaceful relations between Californio land owners and Native American tribes. Ramona illustrates the tragic consequences of replacing Californio-Native American contracts, which involved obligations and groups, with American liberalism's redefinition of contract and its emphasis on individualism and consideration. Jackson criticizes classical liberalism for replacing a Californio racial hierarchy constituted by contractual obligations for an American racial hierarchy that is founded on the suspension of contractual relations between whites and Native Americans. Stripped of the old Californio-Native American contractual agreements and unable to enter into new contracts with white Americans, Native Americans in Ramona have been transformed into a non-contractarian people by white settlers, who are determined to reduce them to a state of barbarism.","PeriodicalId":41876,"journal":{"name":"J19-The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79254833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"A Million—a Billion Thoughts\": A Letter on \"Absent-Minded Historicism\"","authors":"R. Castronovo","doi":"10.1353/jnc.2020.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2020.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41876,"journal":{"name":"J19-The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/jnc.2020.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72538544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What Is the White American? Race, Emigration, and Nation in Melville's Redburn","authors":"R. Levine","doi":"10.1353/jnc.2020.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2020.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The essay argues that Melville's fourth novel, Redburn (1849), is one of the great nineteenth-century works about race and emigration, and a work that looks forward in prescient ways to our current debate about emigrants and a border wall. The focus is on Melville's depiction of Irish emigrants, who are presented both as refugees and as Celts who are less \"white\" than the Anglo-Saxons. Melville thus links the Irish analogously to blacks and (at times) to slaves. Drawing on recent work on refugee studies by Agamben and others, and on slavery and whiteness studies, the essay situates Melville's transatlantic novel in relation to mid-19th-century debates in England and the US on the displaced, stateless Irish of the Great Famine. For its trenchant account of the limits and even brutality of the white US nation, Redburn is the Melville novel we should be reading right now.","PeriodicalId":41876,"journal":{"name":"J19-The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80463117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}