Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov-Progress in Physics of Metals最新文献

{"title":"Electric-Spark Alloying of Metal Surfaces with Graphite","authors":"","doi":"10.15407/ufm.23.01.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.23.01.027","url":null,"abstract":"The article reviews and analyses the current scientific research in the field of surface treatment of metal surfaces with concentrated energy fluxes (CEF) — the electric-spark (in the literature, known also as electrospark) alloying (ESA), which makes it possible to obtain surface structures with unique physical, mechanical and tribological properties at the nanoscale. The ESA method with a graphite electrode (electrospark carburizing — EC) is based on the process of diffusion (saturation of the surface layer of a part with carbon), and it is not accompanied by an increase in the size of the part. In this article, the influence of the EC parameters on the quality of the carburized layer is investigated. The microstructural analysis shows that the three characteristic zones could be distinguished in the structure: the carburized (‘white’) layer, the finely dispersed transition zone with fine grain, and the base metal zone. The analysis of the results of the durometric studies of the coatings is carried out. To achieve the required parameters of dimensional accuracy and roughness of the working surface of the part after the EC process, it is necessary to use the method of non-abrasive ultrasonic finishing (NAUF). In addition, because of applying the NAUF method, the surface roughness is decreased, the tensile stresses are changed to the compressive ones, and the fatigue strength is increased too. In addition, to reduce the roughness of the treated surface, it is proposed to apply the EC technology in stages, reducing the energy of the spark discharge at each subsequent stage. In order to increase the quality of the carburized layer obtained by the EC process, it is proposed to use a graphite powder, which is applied to the treated surface before alloying. The comparative analysis shows that, after the traditional EC process at Wp = 4.6 J, the surface roughness of steel 20 is Ra = 8.3–9.0 μm, and after the proposed technology, Ra = 3.2–4.8 μm. In this case, the continuity of the alloyed layer increases up to 100%; there increases the depth of the diffusion zone of carbon up to 80 μm as well as the microhardness of the ‘white’ layer and its thickness, which increase up to 9932 MPa and up to 230 μm, respectively. The local micro-x-ray spectral analysis of the obtained coatings shows that, at the EC process carried out in a traditional way, the applying Wp = 0.9, 2.6, 4.6 J provides the formation of the surface layers with high-carbon content depths of 70, 100, 120 μm, respectively, and with the use of a graphite powder, they are of 80, 120, 170 μm. While deepening, the amount of carbon is decreasing from 0.72–0.86% to the carbon content in the base metal — 0.17–0.24%. In the near-surface layer formed with the use of the new technology, the pores are filled with free graphite, which could be used as a solid lubricant to improve the operating characteristics of the friction-pairs parts processed thereby.","PeriodicalId":41786,"journal":{"name":"Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov-Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87791972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regularities of Martensitic Transformations of Fe–Ni Alloys Rapidly Quenched from Melt","authors":"","doi":"10.15407/ufm.23.01.059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.23.01.059","url":null,"abstract":"The regularities of formation of the grain structure of metastable iron–nickel alloys formed in conditions of high temperature gradients during the melt hardening (spinning) and its effect on the characteristics of martensitic transformations (MT) in local areas of thin ribbons are reviewed and studied. A comparison of the texture of the austenitic and martensitic phases on different sides of thin ribbons is carried out. The consequences of influence of relaxation processes in hardening of thin ribbons on regularities of formation of the grain structure are investigated. The proposed x-ray method of measuring the amount of martensite allows solving the problem of measuring the amount of martensite in the local areas of textured alloys. As established, the completeness of MT is different for the contact and free sides of the ribbon. The main factors, which determine the heterogeneous distribution of the martensitic phase in the local areas of the ribbon, are analysed. The size effects at MP, residual stresses, and changes in the chemical composition of the austenitic phase on the distribution of the martensitic phase in local sections of the ribbon are analysed. The influence of size effect on the direct γ–α- and reverse α–γ-MT in thin ribbons is studied. The role of ultradispersed component of austenitic grains in the stabilization of austenite of rapidly quenched alloys with cyclic γ–α–γ MT is revealed.","PeriodicalId":41786,"journal":{"name":"Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov-Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75060129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisotropic Phase Transformation Mechanism on Coarse-Grained and Fine-Grained Pure Titanium at Low-Temperature Plasma Nitriding","authors":"","doi":"10.15407/ufm.23.01.090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.23.01.090","url":null,"abstract":"The nitriding process of the coarse-grained and fine-grained pure titanium proceeded by multidirectional forging technique has been investigated at temperatures of 623, 673, and 723 K. The process was carried out by high-density radiofrequency-direct current plasma combined with a rectangular hollow cathode device. The result obtained is a significant increase in surface hardness with increasing holding temperature. The surface hardness increases due to forming a surface layer composed of δ-Ti2N, ε-Ti2N and TixNx observed from x-ray diffraction results. This paper explains the mechanism of surface layer formation. We also observed anisotropic phase transformation of titanium nitride through the right shift of the x-ray diffraction peaks. Diffused nitrogen atoms during the nitriding process cause a change in crystal orientation through structural transformation of the metastable δ-Ti2N to the stable ε-Ti2N. The structural reconstruction will continue by forming TixNx to achieve stoichiometric equilibrium. More compacting of the surface microstructure is also obtained by increasing nitriding temperature.","PeriodicalId":41786,"journal":{"name":"Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov-Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84006656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-of-the-Art and Analysis of Characteristics, Properties, Significance, and Application Prospects of Metallurgical Slags","authors":"","doi":"10.15407/ufm.23.01.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.23.01.108","url":null,"abstract":"The review article is concerned with the modern state, analysis of characteristics, properties, significance, and prospects of the slags’ application, which are wastes of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The material considers the structure of steelmaking slags, characteristics of steel slags, separation of slags by composition, as well as the world and Kazakhstan experiences of processing them, using environmental safety assessment. The article reviews and studies the methods of slag application in road construction, agriculture, casting technologies, manufacture of Portland cement, clay bricks, green concrete, etc. The article summarizes the practical experience of many scientists’ research in the fields of metallurgical slag applications. The scientific novelty consists in the study of both the world and Kazakhstan experiences in the using metallurgical production slags based on practical data of researchers around the world with the identification of positive and negative properties of various slags under certain conditions. This topic will be of interest of scientists and researchers in the field of metallurgy and materials science. As found based on the obtained data, the extraction of metal from slag significantly reduces the cost; slag is recyclable after recovery of useful metals from it; reduction of slag dumps makes it possible to improve the ecological situation, as well as to free valuable land areas. The issues of identifying the peculiarities of mining and metallurgical industries’ development and fundamentally new directions’ elaboration, as well as unconventional ways of existing production technologies’ improvement require further study.","PeriodicalId":41786,"journal":{"name":"Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov-Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74389934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Stress–Strain State of Gas Turbine Engine Metal Parts in Predicting Their Safe Life","authors":"Z. Duriagina, V. Kulyk, O.S. Filimonov, A. Trostianchyn, N. Sokulska","doi":"10.15407/ufm.22.04.643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.22.04.643","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of various factors on the workability of critical metallic parts of a gas turbine engine (GTE) is analysed and systematized. As shown, compressor blades fail as a result of foreign-objects’ damage, gas corrosion, and erosion. Compressor blade roots in most cases fail due to fretting wear caused by vibrations, while the fir-tree rim of turbine discs fails due to low-cycle fatigue (LCF) damage and creep. An increase in the radial gaps between the rotor and stator of the turbine reduces the thrust force and causes changes in the gas-dynamic loading of the engine components. Additional oxidation of metal parts is observed under the action of hot gases from the combustion chamber. The principles of material selection for manufacturing turbine blades and disks, concepts of alloying heat-resistant alloys, and modern methods of surface engineering due to applying protective oxidation-resistant coatings, in particular, chemical vapour deposition (CDV), physical vapour deposition (PVD), air plasma spraying (APS), etc., are also described. To predict the lifetime of turbine disks, it is proposed to use the modified Walker model and Miner’s rule. To specify the time before the failure of the metal blades of the turbine, it is proposed to use the finite element method. To monitor the working-surfaces’ deformations of the gas turbine engine, it is recommended to use optical-digital methods.","PeriodicalId":41786,"journal":{"name":"Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov-Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46502186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Jumps of Volume, Enthalpy and Entropy at the Melting Point, the Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity for F.C.C. Au: the Temperature- and Pressure-Dependences","authors":"N. Hoc, B. Tinh, N. Hien, L. Việt","doi":"10.15407/ufm.22.04.511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.22.04.511","url":null,"abstract":"The melting temperature, the jumps of volume, enthalpy and entropy at the melting point, the isothermal compressibility, the thermal expansion coefficient, the heat capacity at constant volume, the Grüneisen parameter, the Debye temperature, the electrical resistivity, the thermal conductivity, and the thermal diffusivity for defective and perfect f.c.c. metals are studied by combining the statistical moment method (SMM), the limiting condition of the absolute stability of the crystalline state, the Clapeyron–Clausius equation, the Debye model, the Grüneisen equation, the Wiedemann–Franz law, and the Mott equation. Numerical calculations are carried out for Au under high temperature and pressure. The calculated melting curve of Au is in good agreement with experiments and other calculations. Obtained results are predictive and orient towards new experiments.","PeriodicalId":41786,"journal":{"name":"Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov-Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67022487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic Calculation of Fe–N and Fe–Ga Melting Diagrams at Pressures from 0.1 MPa to 7 GPa","authors":"V. Turkevych, Y. Rumiantseva, I. Hnatenko, I. Hladkyi, Y. Sadova","doi":"10.15407/ufm.22.04.531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.22.04.531","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents results of melting-diagrams’ calculations for the Fe–N and Fe–Ga systems at atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa) and at high pressures (3, 5, and 7 GPa). Thermodynamic calculations are performed within the models of phenomenological thermodynamics. As shown, the increase of pressure results in destabilization of high-temperature b.c.c.-Fe modification in Fe–N system and stabilization of Fe4N equilibrium with the liquid phase. In Fe–Ga system, the intermetallic compounds Fe3Ga, Fe6Ga5, Fe3Ga4, and FeGa3 retain their stability up to pressure of 7 GPa. The stabilization of Fe4N equilibrium with the liquid phase at high pressures indicates that the Fe4N can be a competing phase in the gallium-nitride crystallization from the Fe–Ga–N system melt.","PeriodicalId":41786,"journal":{"name":"Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov-Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42430590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cobalt–Niobium-Carbide Eutectic Alloys for Increasing the Service Life of Gas Turbine Engines","authors":"G. Dmitrieva, T. Cherepova, T. Pryadko","doi":"10.15407/ufm.22.04.678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.22.04.678","url":null,"abstract":"This article represents the stages of the creation of new serial wear-proof and heat-resistant (at temperatures up to 1100 °C) cobalt–Nb-carbide cast eutectic alloys of the KhTN (XTN) grade at the G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics of the N.A.S. of Ukraine, comparing them by their main properties, and use in aircraft engine engineering.","PeriodicalId":41786,"journal":{"name":"Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov-Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45558763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling of Phase Formation in Solid–Solid and Solid–Liquid Interactions: New Developments","authors":"A. Gusak, N. Storozhuk","doi":"10.15407/ufm.22.04.481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.22.04.481","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments (after 2016) in modelling of phase formation during solid–solid and solid–liquid reactions by SKMF (Stochastic Kinetic Mean-Field) method, Monte Carlo simulation and phenomenological modelling are reviewed. Reasonable results of multiphase reactive diffusion modelling demonstrating distinct concentration plateau for each intermediate ordered compound and distinct concentration steps between these phases are obtained by the SKMF and Monte Carlo methods, if one takes into account interatomic interactions within two coordination shells and if the signs of mixing energies are ‘minus’ for the first coordination shell and ‘plus’ for the second one. Second possibility for reasonable modelling results is consideration of interatomic interactions depending on local concentration with maxima around stoichiometric composition. In phenomenological modelling, the generalization of Wagner diffusivity concept and respective superposition rule are introduced. New mechanism of the lateral grain growth in the growing phase layers during reactive diffusion is suggested. Anomalously fast grain growth at the final stages of soldering in sandwich-like Cu–Sn–Cu contacts is reported and explained. Simple model of Zn-additions’ influence on the Cu–Sn reaction is described.","PeriodicalId":41786,"journal":{"name":"Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov-Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49051896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and Physical Properties of Ultrathin Bismuth Films","authors":"V. Karbivskyy, V. Zaika, L. Karbivska, N. Kurgan, N. O. Zueva","doi":"10.15407/ufm.22.04.539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.22.04.539","url":null,"abstract":"Bismuth films are interesting objects for research because of the many effects occurring when the film thickness is less than 70 nm. The electronic band structure changes significantly depending on the film thickness. Consequently, by changing the film thickness, it is possible to control the physical properties of the material. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief description of the basic structural and physical properties of bismuth films. The structural properties, namely, morphology, roughness, nanoparticle size, and texture, are discussed first, followed by a description of the transport properties and the band structure. The transport properties are described using the semi-metal–semiconductor transition, which is associated with the quantum size effect. In addition, an important characteristic is a two-channel model, which allows describing the change in resistivity with temperature. The band structure of bismuth films is the most interesting part due to the anomalous effects for which there is still no unambiguous explanation. These effects include anomalous spin polarization, nontrivial topology, and zone changes near the edge of the film.","PeriodicalId":41786,"journal":{"name":"Uspekhi Fiziki Metallov-Progress in Physics of Metals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42992185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}