Bulletin of the History of Archaeology最新文献

{"title":"How Jeffries Wyman put Florida and Shell Mounds on the Map (1860–1875)","authors":"Asa R. Randall","doi":"10.5334/BHA.259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/BHA.259","url":null,"abstract":"The state of Florida is an intermittent flashpoint of shell mound research. This process was initiated in the 19 th century by Jeffries Wyman, whose 1875 publication Fresh-Water Shell Mounds of the St. John's River, Florida highlighted methods that are now commonplace. Wyman’s innovations are often attributed to familiarity with the Scandinavian shell midden school. I examine how Wyman’s experiences engaging with the archaeology of northeast Florida also structured his methods and interpretations. I employ GIS to reconstruct Wyman’s reconnaissance surveys based on his daily field journals. I consider the characteristics of his encampments and changing field methods. By visualizing Wyman’s excursions, I consider why he emphasized certain sites and observations over others, and reconstruct how he conducted his excavations. The results have significance for local researchers who use Wyman’s research, and anyone interested in the influence of field experiences on the emergence of prehistory as scientific inquiry and its theoretical consequences.","PeriodicalId":41664,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5334/BHA.259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Cultural Complexes to Complex Social Topography: A History of Spatial Approaches to Native Cultural Landscapes in the Middle Atlantic","authors":"Elizabeth A. Bollwerk","doi":"10.5334/BHA.256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/BHA.256","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the variety of spatial approaches Middle Atlantic archaeologists have used over the last 150 years to depict past Native social landscapes. It argues that the primary model used throughout the early 20th-century, cultural territories and complexes, illustrated past Native societies as isolated, static, and rigidly bound. The paper then explores how Middle Atlantic archaeologists in the last half of the 20th-century and the first decade of the 21th-century have provided alternatives to previous depictions by using different methodological and theoretical approaches and interpretative frameworks when considering variation in Native material culture. These approaches have revealed dynamic aspects of Native social landscapes that were overlooked by previous models. The acknowledgment of social complexity introduces the challenge of how to depict the more intricate social networks of past Native communities. However, a review of regional literature suggests that archaeologists are not using the full variety of maps at their disposal. The conclusion of this paper explores how archaeologists can continue to improve and diversify the cartographic conventions they use to illustrate Native social topography.","PeriodicalId":41664,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5334/BHA.256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development of the Scientific Aesthetic in Archaeological Site Photography","authors":"C. Carter","doi":"10.5334/BHA.258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/BHA.258","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I shall introduce some core ideas from my research on the character of photographic representations published in archaeological journals during the mid-twentieth century. The aim of this study is to show the connection between the employment of certain scientific visual aesthetics in site photography at a time when the discipline of archaeology wanted to be seen as more scientific. Using the rod scale as a key visual metaphor for the identity of the discipline, I will argue that the increasing presence of the rod scale in published site photographs played a key part in the development of a specific scientific visual vocabulary which was driven by the contemporary culture-historical context.","PeriodicalId":41664,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5334/BHA.258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Infertile Crescent Revisited: A Case (Study) for the History of Archaeology","authors":"J. Bracewell","doi":"10.5334/BHA.257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/BHA.257","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the history of archaeological research concerning the eastern coast of James Bay in northern Quebec. The construction of prehistory in northern Quebec began with the earliest contact of Europeans with Native Canadians and developed from religious explanations to Classical Evolutionary ones to Culture-Historical ones to Neoevolutionary scientific ones. Although the theoretical interpretations changed over time, the content remained surprisingly constant. The challenges of research in the area, and the resulting paucity of data, led to generalizations that telescoped thousands of years and eight million square miles into a single interpretation, based largely on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century assumptions about hunter-gatherer mobility, subsistence and social evolution. This paper traces how these assumptions have affected the archaeology of the twentieth century in James Bay and northern Quebec.","PeriodicalId":41664,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5334/BHA.257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Labouring in the Fields of the Past: Geographic Variation in New Deal Archaeology Across the Lower 48 United States","authors":"Bernard K. Means","doi":"10.5334/BHA.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/BHA.261","url":null,"abstract":"New Deal archaeology survey and excavation projects across the lower 48 states exhibit considerable geographic variation in their nature and extent. Part of this variation can be linked to strong regional personalities, while other variation depended on local political acceptance of or resistance to New Deal programs. The nature of the archaeological record itself influenced the amount of New Deal archaeology within a region. These factors are considered in the discussion of when and where work relief archaeological projects were conducted in the United States during the Great Depression.","PeriodicalId":41664,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5334/BHA.261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Archaeoastronomy and the Maya","authors":"Alexander Parmington","doi":"10.5334/BHA.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/BHA.253","url":null,"abstract":"enced by a range of factors; principally, a mix of social, economic, environmental, engineering, historical, and ideational determinants (Ashmore and Sabloff 2002: 202). Of ongoing concern in Maya studies, therefore, is establishing the weight that each factor has had on the ordering of buildings and associated architectural features. The book “Archaeoastronomy and the Maya” demonstrates, via a collection of papers, the influence that astronomical surveillance had on the ordering of ancient Maya architecture and, more broadly, its use to posit the world experienced by the ancient Maya within a broader cosmological framework. The introduction, by Gerardo Aldana y Villalobos, provides a nice summary of the history and growth of Archaeoastronomy in the field of Mesoamerican studies, detailing, in brief, the development of the field by lead protagonists from its inception in the late 19th Century through to its formulation as an important mainstream pursuit in Maya research. In Chapter 1, Harold Green applies direct observation to explore the possible origins of Maya calendrics at Chocolá in Guatemala during the Preclassic period; specifically, the source of the Tzolk’in 260 Day Count, 365 Day Haab’ and its associated 5 day Wayeb’. Interestingly, Green argues for the importance of Chocolá in the formulation of the Maya calendrical system and its association with tracking the movement of the sun along the eastern horizon at a specific latitude. Like neighbouring Izapa, Green proposes that the intent in the placement of the site of Chocolá was to observe the intersection of the sun and the horizon and associated topographic features; effectively functioning as a precursor to building complexes such as Group E at Uaxactun, where the structures were configured to observe the position of the rising sun during the equinox and the summer and winter solstices. In Chapter 2, Ivan Sprajc also challenges the genesis of the Mesoamerican calendrics and the course of cultural influence based on the results of an archaeological survey of 11 Maya sites in south-eastern Campeche; a number of which were occupied from the Preclassic period. Sprajc identifies a regional pattern in the alignment of public architecture with ‘sunrise phenomena’ that divides the year into intervals of 260 days and 105 days, which Sprajc proposes may have had significance for the timing of agricultural cycles among the Maya. The early nature of these building alignments in Campeche, in effect supports Sprajc proposal that the “17o-family of orientations” (Aveni 2001: 234), as they appear in the Maya region, predate that of Central Mexico where they are generally believed to have originated, “allowing the use of a complex observational calendar” (Sprajc p52). Celestial observation resulted in the construction of buildings, and building groups, that were designed to mark the position of the rising sun during specific times of the year. While it is generally acknowledged that celestial and sola","PeriodicalId":41664,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5334/BHA.253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures","authors":"T. Murray","doi":"10.5334/BHA.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/BHA.254","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41664,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5334/BHA.254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exhibition Season: Annual Archaeological Exhibitions in London, 1880s-1930s","authors":"Amara Thornton","doi":"10.5334/BHA.252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/BHA.252","url":null,"abstract":"Annual archaeological exhibitions were a visible symbol of archaeological research. Held mainly in London, the displays encapsulated a network of archaeologists, artists, architects and curators, and showcased the work of the first generations of trained archaeologists. The exhibition catalogues and published reviews of the displays provide a unique method for exploring the reception and sponsorship of archaeological work overseas and its promotion to a fascinated, well connected and well moneyed public. The exhibitions were a space in which conversation and networking were as important as educational enrichment. This paper analyses the social history of the “annual exhibition” in archaeology, highlighting the development and maintenance of the networks behind archaeological research, the geography of London as a way to examine influence in archaeology, and the utility of exhibitions for archaeological publicity during this period of exploration.","PeriodicalId":41664,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2015-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5334/BHA.252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fallen into Oblivion: The 1956 Greek-Dutch Expedition to Archanes on Crete","authors":"B. Wagemakers","doi":"10.5334/BHA.251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/BHA.251","url":null,"abstract":"Documentation of the unpublished Greek-Dutch excavation in 1956 at Archanes on Crete was recently rediscovered  and assembled. The slides, photographs, plans and notes, presented here for the first time, not only provide a vivid picture of the excavation that had fallen into oblivion, but also offer an interesting view of the methods and approaches of archaeology at the time, the ways of communication in the archaeological world and the circumstances in which campaigns were organised in the 1950s.","PeriodicalId":41664,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2015-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5334/BHA.251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Passionate Patron: The Life of Alexander Hardcastle and the Greek Temples of Agrigento","authors":"A. Crisà","doi":"10.5334/BHA.2421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/BHA.2421","url":null,"abstract":"Richardson’s 143-page book provides an interesting account on the life of Alexander Hardcastle (London, 1872 – Agrigento, 1933), a rich English patron and archaeologist, who operated in Sicily during the early twentieth century. Son of Hernt and Marie Sophie Hardcastle Herschel, Alexander took his military service in the Royal Navy, gaining a thorough technical knowledge, which he successfully used in Sicily. After he obtained a passport in December 1920, Hardcastle moved to Girgenti (now Agrigento), where he purchased a new house, the so-called Villa Aurea , and allocated private funds to perform excavations and massive renovation works at the nearby Greek temples of Akragas . In particular, he restored eight columns of the Temples of Herakles  and Demetra , and excavated part of the ancient city walls in the 1920s. His activity caused a great sensation in both Sicily and Great Britain, as articles in newspapers clearly testify.","PeriodicalId":41664,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Archaeology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2014-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5334/BHA.2421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71064419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}