From Cultural Complexes to Complex Social Topography: A History of Spatial Approaches to Native Cultural Landscapes in the Middle Atlantic

This paper explores the variety of spatial approaches Middle Atlantic archaeologists have used over the last 150 years to depict past Native social landscapes. It argues that the primary model used throughout the early 20th-century, cultural territories and complexes, illustrated past Native societies as isolated, static, and rigidly bound. The paper then explores how Middle Atlantic archaeologists in the last half of the 20th-century and the first decade of the 21th-century have provided alternatives to previous depictions by using different methodological and theoretical approaches and interpretative frameworks when considering variation in Native material culture. These approaches have revealed dynamic aspects of Native social landscapes that were overlooked by previous models. The acknowledgment of social complexity introduces the challenge of how to depict the more intricate social networks of past Native communities. However, a review of regional literature suggests that archaeologists are not using the full variety of maps at their disposal. The conclusion of this paper explores how archaeologists can continue to improve and diversify the cartographic conventions they use to illustrate Native social topography.